American Unions in the Twenty First Century

The number of people joining labor unions in the United States today is declining. Scholars offer several reasons for this decline. Globalization happens to be one of the reasons, seeing as international outsourcing has become common especially in the area of manufacturing. The most important reason, however, appears to be that the organization has begun to view the employees’ interests as its own, thanks to the budding field of organizational behavior. Introduction In the United States, union membership had peaked in the year 1954 with at least 28.3% of all employed workers joining labor unions. In the year 2003, however, only 11. 5% of employees were known to be union members. The number of employed workers in the U. S. who had joined labor unions was at a peak in the year 1979. There were approximately 21 million union members all across the country at the time. In the year 2003, on the other hand, there were only 15. 8 million union members in the nation. Labor unions were essentially important because they allowed union members to collectively demand higher wages and better working conditions.The demand for higher wages had to be curtailed in the face of globalization, however. Faced by global competition, American organizations began to demand concessions during the late 1970s. They could no longer listen to labor unions’ demands for very high wages seeing that expensive American products and services – due to the high price of labor in the country – could not be efficiently sold in the foreign markets. In the 1980s, there were â€Å"widespread manufacturing layoffs and plant closings† in the country.Another important aspect of globalization had showed up – that of hiring cheap labor in countries where new manufacturing plants could be set up by the American organization in order to cut its costs. As an example, â€Å"toys can be produced more cheaply in China than in the United States or France. This makes it ge nerally unprofitable to have toy factories employing workers in these richer countries (except for upscale toys); it also means American and French workers can enjoy the benefits of lower price toys. †In the year 1981, former President Ronald Reagan announced that air traffic controllers on strike as members of a union had to be fired. After all, strikes are costly for the economy as a whole. More than a decade later in 1992, when the United Auto Workers went on strike, the Caterpillar Corporation threatened to replace them all permanently, following the example of Mr. Reagan. The company was successful through this tactic in breaking the strike. Even today, Wal-Mart and other big corporations are known to stifle union efforts.What is more, the government is said to encourage employers in failing to listen to the demands of union members. The Washington Post reports that the government is known to â€Å"allow employers to block union-certification elections and use stalling t actics and threats to discourage organizing drives. † The main reason for this appears to be the fact that the American organizations have now found a better way to deal with employee grievances, and to essentially satisfy all employees. Union memberships that have the potential to create difficulties for businesses as well as the economy as a whole are being discouraged.The union method of strike, for example, costs a great deal to businesses in addition to the economy. Organizations had to find a more convenient way to make their employees more productive and to satisfy them at the same time. Thus came into being the field of organizational behavior. Organizational Behavior Removes the Need for Union Membership The most important reason for the diminishing role of labor unions in the United States appears to be the direct opposite of a labor strike: the satisfaction of the labor force.According to a federal publication published in the year 2004, â€Å"employers may have be come more sensitive to employee concerns, resulting in greater job satisfaction among nonunion workers and reducing the demand for unionization. On the other hand, management may have become more sophisticated in opposing attempts by workers to unionize† Indeed, both of the above reasons for the diminishing role of union membership are true. Employers have really become more sensitive to the concerns of the employees, thanks to organizational behavior.Moreover, the management of American companies has been improved, also thanks to organizational behavior. The twenty first century began with a great deal of excitement especially as the innovatory technologies of the twentieth century started to appear commonplace and every organization had already been supplied with tools through academic research to deal with additional organizational changes in the offing. The discipline of organizational behavior had been through its trials and tests, finally emerging as an indispensable are a of learning for all twenty first century managers to have gone through.Arthur P. Brief and Howard M. Weiss describe this relatively new field of applied psychology thus: â€Å"The organizations in which people work affect their thoughts, feelings, and actions in the workplace and away from it. Likewise, people’s thoughts, feelings, and actions affect the organizations in which they work. Organizational behavior is an area of inquiry concerned with both sorts of influence: work organizations on people and people on work organizations. † Organizations act as the engine of the American economy in our day.So, for the first time in the latter half of the previous century, the psychology of workers in an American organization became a focal issue in studying organizations. Employee development, organizational cultures, organizational citizenship, work attitudes, organizational attachment, job design, leadership, turnover, absenteeism, and employee work motivation turned ou t to be the centers of attention with advances in psychological theory and changes in the workplace. There were developments in the understanding of cognition, personality, and emotion, and their respective influences on work choices as well as goal striving.The entire human resources departments of the United States were revolutionized at the same time as technological, economic and organizational changes encouraged further research on the influence of socio-cultural in addition environmental factors on employee motivation. The emergence of new paradigms, theories, and organizational concerns did not only provide a rich matrix for the exploration of organizational behavior, but also provided firms with a rather attractive theoretical framework for organizational behavior modification, and in general, the art of running a firm with special reference to its people.As a matter of fact, organizational behavior turned out to be at least as important as computer technology to an American organization. In order to compete in foreign as well as domestic markets, the American organization was required to produce high quality products at low costs. This mission was most likely to be accomplished through satisfied and productive labor, rather than union members on strike. What is more, in order to deal with the organizational changes brought about through the introduction of new technologies, organizations had to learn the principles of organizational change through organizational behavior theories.Indeed, these theories performed their job rather well by helping organizations to introduce technological change effectively. The employees were pleased with the organizational efforts using theories to predict and manage their behavior in the organization. According to Fred Luthans: We found that Organizational Behavior Modification had an average increase of 17% in employee performance. We think that is pretty impressive, especially when you consider many technological inn ovations or some of the better known human resource techniques suchas goal setting do not have evidence of that big an impact. In addition, we also found through†¦meta-analysis some significant theory driven moderators. Specifically, we found that the type of organization and the type of contingent reinforcement intervention moderates the relationship between Organizational Behavior Modification and employee performance. For example, we found that Organizational Behavior Modification had a bigger impact in manufacturing organizations, approximately 33% average improvement, than in serviceorganizations at about 10%. However, it must be remembered that this 10% is still highly significant and can make a big difference in the labor intensive service industry. Whereas the manufacturing industry had traditionally been filled with union members, organizational behavior modification made it possible for the American manufacturing organization to satisfy its employees without a union, especially toward the end of the twentieth century when union membership was falling dramatically.This, indeed, is a big achievement for the field of organizational behavior. Organizations had learned to satisfy their employees without the need for unions to voice the employees’ concerns. By the commencement of the twenty first century, a modern field close to the heart of organization behavior had also been introduced by the name of organizational development.For the present century, organizational development consultants have pointed out the following trends: (1) The range of organizational development techniques is expected to expand, spurred mainly by the information explosion; (2) The number of employees involved in organizational development would increase, which implies that all members of the organization would have to show interest in all phases of organizational operation; (3) It will be increasingly important to improve organizational communication; and (4) The imp lications for organizational behavior – including stress, responsibility, and learning – would be repeatedly addressed.The United States has led the global research into organizational behavior, and there is new information about the field expected in the future with further research. The second prediction of the organizational development experts is that the American organization of the near future would give greater importance to all employees by involving everybody in virtually everything. By increasing the importance of employees in the perspective of the organization, the American firm would continue to lower union membership, seeing as the satisfied employee who participates in virtually all organizational efforts would not need the support of unions.Organizational communication is already very efficient through the use of new technologies. The latest software and Internet-based applications help to bridge communication gaps between employers and employees in all states of America and across the globe. As a matter of fact, Information technology has gifted the organization with new communications tools that allow collaboration in addition to cooperation in the form of wireless communications, electronic mail, shared electronic databases, videoconferencing, and various other groupware technologies.Lastly, the organizational development consultants understand that the organization would continue to take increasing interest in the wellness of its employees. Factors like stress and learning would continue to be addressed. By addressing stress, the organization shows its employees that it cares about their wellbeing. By addressing learning, the organization cares for their essential intellectual and professional growth. In point of fact, progressive organizational behavior theories that stress the need for greater organizational learning are uniquely significant in the twenty first century.In the fast changing business environment, successful Am erican organizations promote learning by getting everyone focused on a common objective; allowing easy communications between and among all members; and then allowing the system to self-organize and to reconfigure itself so as to deal effectively with the emerging new environment. Before the widespread application of organizational behavior theories, it must have been quite stressful to introduce change among union members. Today, if an employee is unhappy at the job, he or she may communicate with the employer in the matter of a few minutes using electronic mail.Perhaps the most important achievement of organizational behavior theories in the United States is that these theories have made the employers realize the true significance of their employees. Consider the following examples of organizational leaders that have tapped their human resources potential: Take Bill Gates, the ultimate techie but a great leader. A reason he has done so well is because he believes in the people par t of his leadership role. In fact, one of his quotes that I like is â€Å"My inventory, the value of my company, walks out the door every night.† I think Gates appreciates the human side of enterprise. He has reward systems, he has teams, he has all the things we talk about in Human Resources; you can find not only the most sophisticated technology in the world, but also textbook examples of effective Organizational Behavior/Human Resources at Microsoft. Gates is obviously the ultimate techie, but he is also appreciative, and an effective leader of human resources. So is Jeff Bezos, the cyber architect of Amazon. com. All of his top people have become millionaires through his HumanResources policies of sharing the wealth through pay for performance and stock ownership in this amazing e-commerce firm. Conclusion Who needs union membership when employers equipped with the new theoretical tools of organizational behavior are wiling to go out of the way to satisfy their employees ? This question leads all researchers to expect that union membership would continue to diminish in the twenty first century. New research into employee satisfaction would continue to enlighten employers.Moreover, employees will be quick to notice the changes brought about through organizational behavior tools, given the advancement in technology that makes it possible for organizational communication to take place at all levels within moments. Although the research for this paper encompassed a variety of reasons suggested for the decline in union membership across the United States in recent decades, organizational behavior appeared to have played the most important role in the diminishing role of labor unions. This is because of the employee satisfaction factor in the organization today.If employees were merely being discouraged by the government or the organization taking actions against union membership, or if they were truly unsatisfied only on the basis of lower wages as a res ult of increased competition and globalization, America’s economy would not have achieved a high rate of growth because employees would have found a way to disturb the organization as well as the economy as whole. However, this did not happen. Rather, employees grew to be satisfied, their productivity increased, and the principal reason why this happened was because employers began to take greater interest in the wellbeing of their employees.By addressing stress, for example, employers ensured that their employees would be mentally and emotionally well in order to perform their job functions most efficiently. Furthermore, employers were made to realize that their employees might have to be involved in the entire organizational process in order to be more interested in their work. Finally, employers who were learned in organizational behavior theories, for example, Bill Gates, appeared to make employees feel that they truly are an integral part of the organization. No more did employees have to be concerned about monetary payments alone.Instead, the workplace was made a truly satisfying and stimulating experience, thanks to organizational behavior theories. Employees could feel that they were a part of the organizational culture. The value of organizational citizenship was additionally recognized. Hence, once again, who needs to join labor unions in order to find more work satisfaction? The American worker has responded to the application of organizational behavior theories and found group satisfaction in organizational teams. The application of organizational behavior theories has been the major reason for the diminishing role of labor unions in the U.S. , and will continue to be the main reason for a decline in union membership in the twenty first century. There is no reason to believe in another direction that union membership might take in the twenty first century. Works Cited 1. â€Å"21st Century Organizational Development Consulting. † Mana gement 2006 (2001). Retrieved from http://www. manage2001. com/index. htm. Accessed 28 October 2006. 2. Brief, Arthur P. , and Howard M. Weiss. â€Å"Organizational Behavior: Affect In The Workplace. † Annual Review of Psychology, 2002. 3. Edsall, Thomas B. â€Å"Labor's Divisions Widen As Membership Declines.† Washington Post (7 March 2005), p. A02. 4. Hodgetts, Richard M. â€Å"A Conversation On Fred Luthans Leadership In The 21st Century. † Journal of Leadership Studies, 1999. 5. Kanfer, Ruth. â€Å"Work Motivation In The 21st Century: Mapping New Directions For Theory And Research. † Society For Industrial And Organizational Psychology Inc (2006). Retrieved from http://www. siop. org/. Accessed 28 October 2006. 6. Compa, Lance. â€Å"Labor Rights and Labor Standards in International Trade. † Law and Policy in International Business, Volume 25, Issue 1, 1993. 7. Mayer, Gerald. â€Å"Union Membership Trends in the United States.† Congressi onal Research Service (2004). Retrieved from http://digitalcommons. ilr. cornell. edu/key workplace/174. Accessed 7 April 2007. 8. Mowday, Richard T. , and Robert I. Sutton. â€Å"Organizational Behavior: Linking Individuals And Groups To Organizational Contexts. † Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 44, 1993. 9. Peterson, John L. â€Å"Getting Ready For The 21st Century. † USA Today, Vol. 127, May 1999. 10. Walton, Michael. â€Å"Unions In A Global Labor Market. † The World Bank Group. Retrieved from http://www. worldbank. org/mdf/mdf1/index. htm. Accessed 7 April 2007.

The History Of Why Photovoltaics Environmental Sciences Essay

Energy security is one of the major challenges confronting world in the twenty-first century. It has been cited that about 20 % of the planetary population do non hold entree to electricity [ 1 ] . In add-on, it is predicted that the planetary ingestion of electricity will increase by about 50 % by 2035 [ 2 ] . For a sustainable hereafter, fulfilling the demand for energy should be accompanied with the decrease of CO2 emanations [ 3 ] by energy systems. Consequently, this brings about concerns in sing fossil fuels based systems as an option for fulfilling the turning energy demand. Renewable energy beginnings have been considered as being the solution for this uprising energy demand. Of recent, these systems have gained a batch of popularity and the energy coevals from renewables have been predicted to duplicate from 2010 to 2035 [ 2 ] . Harmonizing to some anticipations, renewables have the potency of catering for about one tierce of entire planetary electricity coevals by 2035 [ 1 ] . Photovoltaics ( PV ) is a rapid-growing market in the field of renewable energy, and this tendency is expected to go on in the close hereafter [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . Solar Energy is the most abundant and most every bit distributed renewable energy beginning worldwide. As such, PV can be considered as a major and the most promising renewable energy beginning. The advantages of PV over the conventional energy beginnings are listed below: PV systems are environmentally friendly ( C emanation free ) Solar energy has, by far, the highest natural and proficient potencies even for today ‘s engineering PV warrants long-run, care free, quiet and dependable year-round operation It can be operated as a grid connected system [ 6 ] or as an off grid system, supplying electricity even in stray parts [ 5 ] [ 7 ] Of class, these systems are accompanied with a few reverses. Main disadvantages of the PV are listed below: Large country demand Electricity coevals is limited to daytime ( it can non run at dark ) The cost of electricity generated from a PV system is still non comparable with fossil fuels, which indicates a trust on strong governmental policies [ 8 ] PV systems are classified into three depending on the photoactive stuff used and the degree of commercial adulthood: first-generation solar cells ( Crystalline Silicon ( c-Si ) ) , second-generation solar cells ( Thin Film Solar Cells ( TFSC ) ) and 3rd coevals solar cells ( Concentrating PV ( CPV ) , organic PV and fresh constructs ) . In general, an overpowering per centum of solar cells are fabricated from Si. First coevals solar cells dominate the current PV market with a portion of over 80 % of the entire PV market [ 5 ] [ 9 ] . However, 2nd coevals solar cells ( TFSC ) promise the highest possible for low cost fabrication and dependable energy beginning [ 5 ] [ 10 ] . Besides that, c-Si deficit which begun in 2005 and lasted through 2008 forced the industry to look for options, therefore the market for Thin Film PV begun to turn quickly [ 9 ] . Advantages of TFSC over wafer based solar cells are listed below: As the thickness of the semiconducting material bed is much dilutant in TFSC compared to wafer based solar cells, the recombination losingss are much less The fabrication cost of TFSC is well lower than that of wafer based solar cells [ 10 ] TFSC provides us with wider choice of stuffs compared to wafer based solar cells [ 10 ] , therefore bespeaking flexibleness of TFSC compared to c-Si solar cells However, surveies indicate that even with all these advantages the laterality of the c-Si solar cells will still stay for the coming 10 to 20 old ages unless a sudden addition in TFSC efficiencies is achieved in the close hereafter [ 9 ] , [ 11 ] . Undoubtedly, low efficiencies along with debasement over clip ( decrease in power end product ) are considered as the most influential drawbacks in the development of TFSC [ 5 ] , [ 10 ] . Surveies have shown that the levelized cost of the electricity ( LCOE ) generated by PV systems are extremely dependent on PV faculty efficiency [ 12 ] , therefore increasing the efficiency of PV systems has become an active country of research. Amorphous Si ( a-Si ) is one of the widely used stuffs in TFSC [ 9 ] , [ 13 ] . However, a-Si solar cells suffer from low efficiencies [ 14 ] which can be attributed to its set spread non being close to the optimal value ( around 1.4 electron volt ) . Besides, the thickness of the photoactive stuff in TFPV is normally really low which has a effect of take downing its light soaking up capablenesss. Extensive work on PV cells has besides been carried out over the old ages with a focal point on new stuffs and cell constellations [ 15-17 ] . Driving efficiencies up and/or cut downing cost, by technology stuffs for optimal belongingss and constellations have been the chief purpose of such researches ( ref ) . For illustration, a well-known agencie s of bettering the efficiency of a-Si TFSC is to replace a-Si with a semiconducting material like Gallium arsenide ( GaAs ) or Indium phosphide ( InP ) that has a close optimal bandgap [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 15 ] . Another attack is to implement a multi-junction solar cell [ 13 ] , [ 14 ] , [ 18 ] . However, besides those options, it is besides possible to better efficiency by heightening the light pin downing possible inside the cell [ 19-23 ] . The latter option is the chief focal point for this research. [ 1 ] IEA, â€Å" World Energy Outlook 2012, † 2012. [ 2 ] EIA, â€Å" Annual Energy Outlook 2012, † 2012. [ 3 ] G. Doucet, â€Å" Deciding the Futureaˆ? : Energy Policy Scenarios to 2050, † 2007. [ 4 ] IEA PVPS, â€Å" Trends in photovoltaic applications, † Survey study of selected IEA states between 1992 and 2011, 2012. [ 5 ] IRENA, â€Å" Solar Photovoltaics, † Renewable Energy Technologies: Cost Analysis Series, vol. 1, no. 4, 2012. [ 6 ] M. a. Eltawil and Z. Zhao, â€Å" Grid-connected photovoltaic power systems: Technical and possible problems-A reappraisal, † Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 112-129, Jan. 2010. [ 7 ] W. Hoffmann, â€Å" PV solar electricity industry: Market growing and position, † Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 90, no. 18-19, pp. 3285-3311, Nov. 2006. [ 8 ] N. Johnstone, I. Hascic, and D. Popp, â€Å" Renewable energy policies and technological invention: Evidence based on patent counts, † Environmental and Resource Economics, 2008. [ 9 ] A. Jager-Waldau, â€Å" Thin Film Photovoltaics: Markets and Industry, † International Journal of Photoenergy, vol. 2012, no. two, pp. 1-6, 2012. [ 10 ] S. Hegedus, â€Å" Thin movie solar faculties: the low cost, high throughput and various option to Si wafers, † aˆÂ ¦ in photovoltaics: research and applications, pp. 393-411, 2006. [ 11 ] R. Swanson, â€Å" A vision for crystalline Si photovoltaics, † aˆÂ ¦ in photovoltaics: Research and Applications, pp. 443-453, 2006. [ 12 ] X. Wang, L. Kurdgelashvili, J. Byrne, and A. Barnett, â€Å" The value of faculty efficiency in take downing the levelized cost of energy of photovoltaic systems, † Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 15, no. 9, pp. 4248-4254, Dec. 2011. [ 13 ] R. W. Miles, â€Å" Photovoltaic solar cells: Choice of stuffs and production methods, † Vacuum, vol. 80, no. 10, pp. 1090-1097, Aug. 2006. [ 14 ] M. A. Green, K. Emery, Y. Hishikawa, W. Warta, and E. D. Dunlop, â€Å" Solar cell efficiency tabular arraies ( version 40 ) , † no. version 40, pp. 606-614, 2012. [ 15 ] J. Peet, J. Y. Kim, N. E. Coates, W. L. Ma, D. Moses, a J. Heeger, and G. C. Bazan, â€Å" Efficiency sweetening in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by treating with methane series dithiols. , † Nature stuffs, vol. 6, no. 7, pp. 497-500, Jul. 2007. [ 16 ] F. Report, â€Å" Hybrid Nanorod-Polymer Solar Cell Hybrid Nanorod-Polymer Solar Cell Final Report, † no. August, 2003. [ 17 ] I. Gur, N. A. Fromer, M. L. Geier, and A. P. Alivisatos, â€Å" from Solution, † vol. 310, no. October, pp. 462-465, 2005. [ 18 ] M. Bosi and C. Pelosi, â€Å" The Potential of III-V Semiconductors as Terrestrial Photovoltaic Devices, † no. June 2006, pp. 51-68, 2007. [ 19 ] D. Zhou and R. Biswas, â€Å" Photonic crystal enhanced light-trapping in thin movie solar cells, † Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 103, no. 9, p. 093102, 2008. [ 20 ] J.-Y. Chen, â€Å" Improvement of photovoltaic efficiency utilizing 3D photonic-crystal enhanced light caparison and soaking up, † Physica E: Low-dimensional Systems and Nanostructures, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 43-48, Oct. 2011. [ 21 ] M. Wellenzohn and R. Hainberger, â€Å" Light caparison by backside diffraction grates in Si solar cells revisited, † vol. 20, no. January, pp. 2208-2212, 2012. [ 22 ] S. B. Mallick, M. Agrawal, and P. Peumans, â€Å" Optimum visible radiation pin downing in ultra-thin photonic crystal crystalline Si solar cells, † vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 300-305, 2010. [ 23 ] X. Sheng, J. Liu, I. Kozinsky, A. M. Agarwal, J. Michel, and L. C. Kimerling, â€Å" Efficient light pin downing construction in thin movie Si solar cells, † 2010 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, pp. 001575-001576, Jun. 2010.

Communities of Practice: Learning, Meanings, and Identity Essay

Introduction                     A community simply refers to a group of people living together in unity and harmony and coordinating with each other to perform various task and responsibilities which benefit everyone involved. It can also be referred to as a form of social unit which is made of people who share common values, attitudes, interest and even have common goals that they would like to achieve together (Wenger, 72). Self and others simply refers to a situation whereby one strives for their own development while at the same time encouraging others to achieve their own development. It calls for working together not just for ones won benefit but also for the benefit of others. This relates to the principle of a community whereby everyone looks after each other and values the interest of others in addition to their own. The various kinds of communities which exist include, the communities made of people with the same interest or share the same passion, a community of people who try to bring change through their actions, a community of people who are brought together as a result of the geographical location and boundaries they share. Furthermore, there are communities of people who share similar practice or share the same kind of profession, and last but not least there are communities which are brought together as result of the similar external situations or events which affect all of the people involved (Wenger, 72). All these communities can be classified as centralized, de-centralized or even distributed communities. An individual ensures that the common objectives and goals of the whole community are achieved by providing their contribution and playing their role in the community. In addition, an individual shows respect, cooperation and participates actively. The community on the other hand, ensures that an individual achieves personal development, safety, and general well-being in addition to satisfaction. As an individual, I belong to the student body of my school which represents my interests and looks after my welfare as a student. My duties include my active participation in ensuring that I follow the school rules, make annual contributions to the student body and participate in elections when selecting new student leaders. The technological advancements have transformed the understanding of community to that of people who are found on the same social network and can interact without minding each others’ development or interests. Technology has brought virtual communities which only exist through internet connections although they still may share common interests (Chayko, 4). The current understanding of community relates to the interactions on social networks and the physical touch no longer exists. References Chayko, Mary. Portable Communities: The Social Dynamics of Online and Mobile Connectedness. Albany: SUNY Press, 2008. Print. p.4 Wenger, Etienne. Communities of Practice: Learning, Meanings, and Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Print. p.72 Source document

Should texting and driving be against the law Essay

Should texting and driving be against the law - Essay Example This has made texting while driving common among drivers coupled with the high numbers of youngsters on the road who are a fun of this method of communication. Texting while driving has been a threat to road users since it distracts the attention of the driver from the wheel and the road causing him to cause accidents. It is therefore necessary to come up with rules that can regulate the use of mobile phones by the drivers. Texting while driving is dangerous to the road users and should be illegal in Alberta. Alberta is a country which has always been keen on improving road safety rules by enforcing traffic policies and regulations. In addition, Alberta transportation aims at ensuring safety for all road users in the province through monitoring and enforcing safety standards. The Traffic Safety Act and regulations of Alberta guides all the road users on the traffic rules to be followed and the possible consequences of going against the set rules. Though these rules have helped manage traffic in Alberta, there are a few issues that crop up with time that hinder road safety in the province thus the rules need regular amendments in order to keep up to date with the advancing technology. The case of texting and driving on the roads of Alberta has been on the spotlight in the recent past and right now there is an outstanding bill that is waiting to be passed concerning whether texting and driving should be made illegal. Anyone who owns a mobile phone and has ever chatted online is aware of what communicating through text messages involve. It takes all the attention of a person leaving very little or none to the wheel and the road. The result of this is may be causing an accident and probably involving a chain of other road users since the roads in Alberta are usually busy. It would therefore be good if the outstanding bill passes to check on the rising road

Strategic managment Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategic managment - Case Study Example veraging them further because the firm was aware that their old ways of coming up with a finished market was over, and that technology needed to be incorporated to come up with a world class product and also market it (Marsh, 1998). The firm was also aware of some of the markets that they could venture into in order to leave a mark. S&M scores on Kay’s three areas by ensuring that their products are long lasting. For instance, in consumer handtool labels, S&M was able to come up with a label that would last for nearly 10 years without wearing out and still have the same effect it would have when it was new (Marsh, 1998). Some of the lessons that can be drawn from this case study are that firms should be willing to accept change in their production and marketing strategies if they want to overcome the stern competition in today’s world. However, the risk of using cheap means of production is that another competitor, one day, might beat them, and consumers might be forced the switch their

How Does Nokia Continue to be Successful in The U.S. Market Essay

How Does Nokia Continue to be Successful in The U.S. Market - Essay Example The aim of this research presented in the essay is to analyze how Nokia continue to be successful in the United States Market. The onslaught of new cell phone brands from China and India is a strong factor prompting Nokia to be on its toes ready and eager to come up with more accessories and benefits for the Nokia cell phones. The public must now use a cell phone to get emails. One very popular cell phone is known as the Iphone which is being marketed by the this brand called Apple. Apple should be one of the hall of fame companies for coming up with the first computer. The old standard of sending messages is through the use of snail mail or the post office has declined because companies and individuals can communicate better and faster using the email and yahoo messenger or the new favorite of the crowed, Skyped chat. The researcher then presents some of the Nokia famous products and demonstrates the income statement of Nokia company, that shows that the company was very successful during the years 2005 to 2007. The researcher then concluds that Nokia continues to be successful in the United States market, mostly because the company continues to innovate by adding additional benefits of buying a cell phone. Conclusively, the researcher also mentiones that Nokia continues to be successful in the United States Market because of the strong advertising promotions that Nokia is willing to pay for. The returns of the advertising budget will include increased revenues, increased gross profit and increased net profits.

Why is the 1980s the pop decade that receives the most negative Essay

Why is the 1980s the pop decade that receives the most negative critical press, and is it justified - Essay Example Technology wise, the trend was also fast-emerging. The improvement of telecommunications played a key role in the success of the current technology. Scientifically speaking, there were several vital breakthroughs in science which led to further improvements in the succeeding years. There was also a recorded tremendous increase in the world’s population and is actually one of the periods with the largest recorded rate of increase. The fashion and style aspect also rocketed during this period in time and there were many things which made the people, most especially the youth, go gaga and engrossed to their icons to the extent of imitating them in how they look, what they do and all sorts. There are many other factors which made many people and even historians consider this era as a highly celebrated one in terms if the aforementioned reasons and events. However, as the saying goes, for every swing of the pendulum, there is always a counter-swing. This is because there are also several aspects which made people look at this era as an uncalled for- something which is ridiculed because of several negative implications that it brings to the people. One aspect which suffered bittersweet treatments is the entertainment industry, more specifically the music industry. It was this specific industry which is home to one of the most celebrated yet criticized icons. The music industry was considered to be at its peak during this period. Much advancement such as technology, style, genres and other matters emerged during this time. Pop music during those times was more of the dance tunes and even reached the age of rock and rap because of the advancement. Because of the great acceptance of the public to music, many musicians became icons which gained international fame and respect. To name some are Michael Jackson and Madonna- who were both

Marketing Principles of National Basketball Association (NBA) Essay

Marketing Principles of National Basketball Association (NBA) - Essay Example The major competitor of NBA is MLB (Major League Baseball). MLB constitutes one of the major professional sports league in North America. The attendance in stadium and the revenue hence generated is higher in MLB than in case of NBA. But the noticeable star players are much more in NBA than in MLB. The national imaginations are not captured by MLB personalities. But NBA players are well known even outside the basketball circles. There are not any major differences in the national TV ratings of both leagues. Most of the money is generated through local sports TV networks. Basketball is decidedly spry while Baseball is decidedly gray according to the analysis of TV audience. Both the leagues have lost audience however since the 90s. The demography has a major role to play in the competition in the two leagues. Generally the NBA is followed more by Younger people as opposed to MLB. The marketing strategies and their impact on audience are more effective in case of NBA than that of MLB. (MLP, n.d.) Importan

Statistics Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Statistics Homework - Assignment Example When it comes to making forecasts using multiple regression, we must consider not only whether each independent variable value is reasonable by itself, but also whether the chosen combination of predictor values is reasonable. From the multiple regression, it is possible to compare the slopes of two or more regression lines and test whether the  slopes  and intercepts are significantly different". The null hypothesis could read that the slopes for the two groups are not significantly different. We compare the p-value with the If p-value< we reject the null hypothesis and conclude that conclude that the slopes for the two groups are different. From the figure below, R-squared value is 0.09232 implying that only approximately 9.232% of variation in price is explained by carA. The coefficient of carA on the other hand is -28463, this shows that the price of cars with no garage is much more, those with garage are -28463 cheaper. From the figure below, R-squared value is 0.01968 implying that only approximately 1.968% of variation in price is explained by carA. The coefficient of carA on the other hand is -14845, this shows that the price of cars with one garage is much more, those with more than one garage are -14845 cheaper. From the figure below, R-squared value is 0.1549 implying that only approximately 1.968% of variation in price is explained by carA and carB.

Function of 6 Standardized Assessment Tools Utilized with LBD Students Research Paper

Function of 6 Standardized Assessment Tools Utilized with LBD Students - Research Paper Example This is because good educationists have often been identified with the selection and usage of assessment tools that can be classified as valid. By valid assessment tool, reference is being made to an assessment tool that achieves the purpose for which it was set out. An assessment tool that is not able to achieve the purpose for which it was set out is ineffective and as unhelpful as there was no assessment tool in place. This essay therefore seeks to examine a number of assessment tools used with LBD students to find how effective they are in the delivery of the functions for which they were set out. The assessment tools shall also be scrutinized in accordance to their diagnostic benefits to student programming and planning utilizing technology. What is Assessment? As mentioned earlier, assessment is an integral part of education. Assessment concerns the practice of finding the effectiveness of an educational system. Assessment however concerns a series of activities and events. Cyb erSleuth-Kids (2011) therefore explain that assessment is â€Å"the process of documenting, often times in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs.† This means that documentation is an important practice in assessment. Observations in measurable phenomenon such as knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs are all documented. ... The Northwestern Science Health University (2010) also posits that â€Å"Assessment is an ongoing process of setting high expectations for student learning, measuring progress toward established learning outcomes, and providing a basis for reflection, discussion and feedback to improve University academic programs.† This seems to be a broader definition that integrates not just what assessment but the reasons for undertaking it and the importance that comes with conducting assessment. The relation this definition has with the earlier definition is that there should be a set of objectives in place that will be assessed. 6 Assessment Tools used for LBD Students To undertake a successful assessment exercise, it is important to have a collection mechanism in place. This mechanism with which assessment is conducted is referred to in the educational cycle as assessment tool. Broadly speaking, assessment tools can be classified as either teacher based or student based. Teacher based assessment tools focus on the teacher as the sole assessor. With teacher based assessment tool, the tools are kept and manipulated by the teacher in determining how best or worse the student is performing. Student based assessment tools on the other hand focus on students. Most of these assessment tools are kept by the student. They are used by the student to determine his or her performance. Teachers however have a lot of role to play with student based assessment. This is because the teacher acts as a facilitator, who directs the student on how to go about the implementation of the assessment tool. The teacher also ensures that the student uses the assessment tool correctly. Both teacher based and student based assessment tools are appropriate for LBD students. This is because with

Discourse Community Essay Example for Free

Discourse Community Essay Have you ever been among people who are very much like you? That it does not matter what differences you have you all have a lot more in common. A member of 4-H constitutes a discourse community because of an agreed set of common public goals, level of membership, and something that provides information and feedback. An agreed set of public goals for our community is that as a whole group we do a lot of community service. For a couple of years my club would go to a nursing home and do different activities with the elderly. Whether it be making them sun catchers to hang in their windows or play board and card games with them. It was very surprising my first year to find out that a lot of the elderly in nursing homes never get visitors. This made me very sad. So my club took a vote and decided to keep going back month after month and building a bond with these amazing people. I loved sitting around talking with them and hearing about all the different stories each of them had to tell. Another community service my group did was that we went to different parks right as spring began and we would plant beautiful flowers for everyone to enjoy. Something we do that provides information or feedback would be putting on our fair. Not only at a county fair are there rides, carnival games, and carnival food; but also all the hard work each 4-Her has put in to the projects they have to complete to be a part of the group. There are so many different projects, from livestock to sewing to cooking to robotics to duct tape art to the shooting sports. Over the years, I have taken many projects from all areas in our project guide, but my favorite has been the self-determined projects. While having four years left in the program I really wanted to find a project that I truly loved and enjoyed doing. All my  friends had their favorite and I wanted mine, so me and mom were looking through the project guide and we found a self-determined project on American Sign Language. I was so happy because this was a great interest of mine, and something I was looking in to doing for my career. By taking this project for four years it had helped me make a final decision on what I wanted to go to college for. I was right, I have a great passion for American Sign Language and learning about the deaf community. The level of membership in 4-H does not have anything to do with your knowledge or experience. For most people like myself, we got started in 4-H at the age of five being a cloverbud. I got to go to the club meetings, participate in them, do activities with older members, and even take a project to the fair if I wanted to, but it just did not get judged. At the age of eight I became a first year 4-Her. I got to take any project(s) I wanted, and gave me a good feeling that I got to pick what I wanted to do. I took a market lamb, sewing for beginners, and cooking project. I had so much fun working with my grandma on my sewing project but learnt at the age of eight that it was not something I liked to do. I cooked with my mom and found I really enjoy to cook. Working on my market lamb with my older sister was probably the best of all my first year experiences. I never took another livestock project throughout my fifteen years in 4-H though. I could not handle sending an animal to its de ath after I had spent endless amounts of time with it. When I turned eleven I became a junior member and when I did my projects I was expected to do more with in them. As I got older in this world I took on more responsibility and helped out around the fair. I even was royalty my first year as a junior member. I had the honor of being the fairs princess in two-thousand and six. So there is where the new responsibility came from, but it was a lot of fun. I had to dress nice and look cute which was the one thing I absolutely hated, especially having to do it at fair. At the age of sixteen I became a senior member, which meant even more responsibilities and a better work ethic. When I get to judging for my projects they expected great work, completed books, that I had done all the activities in the books, and that I took a good amount of time on putting together my poster of information. As an older 4-H member I also had a lot of opportunities to do some really cool things. We as older members  put on a camp for the younger members for five days. We get to become their role models just as I once looked up to the older members when I was little. It is a really good feeling when a kid comes up to you and tells you that they think you do a good job and look up at you. My junior year of high school I thought that was going to be my last year in 4-H, because I had hopes to join the military next summer and complete training before coming to college. Once again I was royalty of our fair, this time as queen with my best childhood friend as my king. By the end of fair that year I was happy with my 4-H career and proud of everything I have done, but little did I know that I would get my real last year. I am very happy that I did get my true last year in 4-H with all the other kids I had grown up in the program. Even though there has been hard times throughout these years of being a 4-Her, I would not trade the past fifteen years of my life for anything else. 4-H is a discourse community because of all that we not only stand for but what all we do. From helping and being a part of the community around us to giving information and feedback to those that go through the program to seeing yourself grow over the years and becoming the person you want to be. So why not join a community that not only helps others but also yourself.

Ethical Issues on Confidentiality Essay Example for Free

Ethical Issues on Confidentiality Essay Ethical Issues on Confidentiality: Research and Medical Procedures A guiding principle followed by most administrators and health care providers is the concept that ethical principles must match the values of the whole organization. This belief should serve as a continuous teaching to all staff so that the organization’s goals may be uniformly achieved. Healthcare administrators must be fully competent in adhering to the ethical principles of patient and employee confidentiality in order to promote trust, respect, and the protection of individual’s rights concerning health information. This is one of the main objectives of the Privacy Rule or HIPAA, and a breach to this rule is one of the most common ethical issues. When administrators demonstrate capable ethical decisions in guiding the flow of services in the organization, there may only be a few disorders that will be encountered in the operations as a result of ethical perplexities. In the article, Ethics of Stem Cell Research (Siegel, A., Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring2013), the ethical dilemma of confidentiality in research pales in comparison to the dilemma posed in destroying human embryonic cells. A great dispute is presented on the use of human embryos and whether researchers are dealing with a human being or not. The question on the permissibility or the impermissibility to destroy human embryos is fully explored without the full ethical answer being presented. Confidentiality, research, and medical procedures all impart ethical dilemmas that complicate organizational activities. Problems of the Affected Population: Patients and Participants In the procurement of embryotic cells for example, research subjects are not considered the same way as patients and regarded differently in terms of confidentiality and privacy issues. According to the article, HIPAA, the Privacy Rule, and Its Application to Health Research (2009), â€Å"Health research is not the focus of HIPAA.† and, â€Å"Because a great deal of health research in the United States is also subject to the Common Rule- the federal rule that governs most federally funded research conducted on human beings and aims to ensure  that the rights of human subjects are protected during the course of a research project, historically focusing on protection from physical and mental harm by stressing autonomy and consent.† (HIPAA and Research, Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research, 2009). Many research institutions are not considered covered entities and therefore the subjects are not covered by the Privacy law. Nevertheless, all subjects must submit personally identifiable health information and in the course of research or procedure, a subject may be harmed. This is an uneven application of confidentiality and the Privacy law that gives more benefit to a patient than a research subject. Medical research in particular has a participant and some experimental procedures are accomplished with the patient as the subject in the belief that the experiment could bring positive results to the patient specially, when there is no definite answer to a needed treatment. According to Fremgen B.F. (2009), ethical issues arise when there is harmful effect to the patient from experimental procedures. Lack of understanding and communication remains a big barrier to ethical issues. Somehow the creation of the Privacy Law did not consider the welfare of the research subject, yet they are likened to a patient who undergoes procedures, submits identifiable health information, and when procedures are not perfect, may also suffer harmful consequences. The other bothersome issue is when the bodily parts contributed by the participant are sold, reused or endorsed to other institutions for other purposes. Other issues pertain to the interest of the researcher placed above the interest of the patient (B.F.Fremgen2009). Informed and voluntary consent from participants are used as shield in order to further the research activities, but privacy and confidentiality are both compromised on research participants and must also be incorporated. Proposed Solutions In California, where the biggest budget for stem cell research is allocated, the California Institute of Regenerative medicine (CIRM) in their objectives has encouraged institutions and researchers on the development of best practices in hSC projects. Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at each research institution must be responsible for the proper review of projects involving human participants. The regulations of the CIRM implies that donor  consent must be understood fully by the participant, maintain a clear record of every embryo, strict accounting of donated cells, and must always be consistent with existing laws. In fairness to the donor, any medical complication must be treated fully, and the donor must not bear any cost for any treatment (G.P Lomax, Z. Hall, B. Lo, Responsible Oversight of Human Stem Cell Research: The California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 2007) The foundation for all procurement of biological materials can be summed in informed consent. Authorizations and voluntary consent must be explicitly understood by the donor and must be presented with choices they can understand including the information regarding the destruction of the cells, commercial application and sharing (L. P Knowles, Issues in Procurement of Embryonic Stem Cells: Informed Consent and Conflict of Interest, n.d.) Information management system must be in place for protection of confidentiality. In most instances, the system must protect the anonymity of the donor to safeguard privacy. There will always be people who would donate biological materials for their own reasons beyond ones understanding. These individuals must be informed fully of the consequences and possible risks. In some places, inducement of monetary consideration is prohibited. However, there are instances when the donor sincerely commits to help in exchange for some requirements like burial assistance when deemed terminally ill. Ethical issues and personal choice of the donor must be taken into consideration at all times and the option to donate must be free from pressure. In some parts of the globe, there are ads roaming related to procurement of organs from individuals who are impoverished and destitute. The government and the public must be vigilant in exposing this black market trade of organ trafficking so as to safeguard the dignity, confidentiality, and humanity in general. The mainstream media must be cooperative in relaying to the public not only the positive implications of medical research but also the contrary, so that that knowledge and understanding of present scientific advancement and problems may be learned. The Administrator and Ethical Issues An administrator who is engaged in a healthcare institution where research activities are occurring commits to a heavier burden of maintaining the place for it to be free of ethical issues. Aside from the issue of  patient care, privacy, lack of resources, maintaining regulations, and promoting goodwill, the needed knowledge on the requirements or regulations on research must be understood. The administrator must be adept at ethical analysis and organizational policies. Many have not been through a lot of experience related to research institutions but according to Fremgen B. F. (2009), â€Å"Adherence to bioethical principles involves the entire healthcare team, not just the physicians† (pg. 251). The ethics of the institution must be in accord with the staff and conflicting values should not prevail. The administrator must know how to initiate educational sessions and communicate the ethical values even with the integration of research and experimental procedures. References Siegel, A. Ethics of Stem Cell Research, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, rev. Jan 28,2013 Retrieved from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/stemcells/#EthDesHumEmbForRes Knowles, L.P. Issues in Procurement of Embryonic Stem Cell: Informed Consent and Conflicts of Interest, Retrieved::http://www.stemcellnetwork.ca/uploads/File/whitepapers/Inf Consent-and-Conflicts-of-Interest.pdf Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Health Research and the Privacy of Health Information: The HIPAA Privacy Rule; Nass SJ, Levit LA, Gostin LO, editors. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2009.Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9573/ Lomax GP, Hall ZW, Lo B (2007) Responsible Oversight of Human Stem Cell Research: The California Institute for Regenerative Medicines Medical and Ethical Standards.Retrieved http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.0040114 B.F. Fremgen, Medical Law and Ethics (Third Ed. 2009)

Standardization of Polyherbal Formulations for Drug Analysis

Standardization of Polyherbal Formulations for Drug Analysis Standardization of polyherbal formulations is essential in order to assess the quality of drugs, based on the concentration of their active principles (markers or standards). As Mentat tablet (MT), a herbal formulation consist of natural multi-ingredient formula with active constituents responsible for treatment of neurological disorder and improvement of mental health, therefore it is worthwhile to take it as a model for standardization of polyherbal formulation. In this work, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for simultaneous quantification of 28 major bioactive constituents. Multiple-reaction monitoring scanning was employed for quantification in positive and negative mode. The analysis was accomplished on Waters AQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with linear gradient elution of acetonitrile 0.1% formic acid with water 0.1% formic acid solutions at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. The comparative a nalysis of samples was carried out by hierarchical cluster analysis and principle component analysis. The proposed method was applied to analyze 4 different batches of marketed formulation with acceptable linearity (r2, 0.9984-0.9999), precision, stability and recovery (RSD ≠¤ 3.74 %), evaluated under optimum conditions. The developed method is capable of controlling quality of polyherbal formulations having similar markers and herbs. Herbal medicines (HMs) refer to one herb or complex mixtures, which usually contains hundreds of chemically different components. Their curative effects are principally based on the synergic effect of their multi-targeting and multi-ingredient preparations [1, 2]. Consequently, quality control becomes a troublesome issue for crude drugs and their medical preparations. Therefore, the method that employs pharmacologically active components to evaluate the quality and authenticity of the complex preparations is confronted with severe challenges and better analytical strategies to assure their efficacy, safety, and consistency are in great demand [3]. Moreover, the chemical compounds in the poly herbs in HMs products may vary depending on harvest seasons, plant origins, drying processes and other factors. Thus, it seems to be necessary to determine most of the phytochemical constituents of herbal products in order to ensure the reliability and repeatability of pharmacological and clinical research, to perceive their bioactivities and eventual side effects of active compounds and to enhance product quality control [4, 5]. Currently, selection of a single or a few specific components from a certain herbal medicine as markers for quality assessment is a widely applied strategy. However, it cannot afford sufficient quantitative information for the other medicinal compositions and cannot accurately reflect the quality of HMs products. All the HMs compositions play important roles in the therapeutic effects. Therefore, selecting multiple constituents from different medicinal herbs as evaluation markers has been gradually applied for the quality control of HMs [6, 7]. Mentat tablets (MT, commercial product) is a polyherbal medication with each tablet composed of extracts (136 mg of Bacopa monnieri, 70 mg of Centella asiatica, 52 mg of Withania somnifera, 52 mg of Evolvulus alsinoides, 52 mg of Nardostachys jatamansi, 50 mg of Valeriana wallichii, 50 mg of Embelica ribes, 50 mg of Prunus amygdalus, 42 mg of Acorus calamus, 36 mg of Tinospora cordifolia, 36 mg of Terminalia chebula, 36 mg of Emblica officinalis, 32 mg of Oroxylum indicum, 32 mg of Celastrus paniculatus) and powders (80 mg of Bacopa monnieri, 18 mg of Withania somnifera, 18 mg of Mucuna pruriens, 18 mg of Elettaria cardamomum, 18 mg of Terminalia arjuna, 18 mg of Anethum sowa, 18 mg of Ipomoea digitata, 14 mg of Zingiber officinale, 14 mg of Terminalia belerica, 14 mg of Myristica fragrans, 10 mg of Syzygium aromaticum). MT is a unique all-natural multi-ingredient formula that promotes brain health. It improves the mental quotient, memory span, concentration ability, stress threshold and exhibit significant anti-parkinsonian activity. MT also offers protection against convulsions, which is beneficial in insomnia with its sedative and tranquilizing effects [8-10]. There are various pharmaceutical manufacturers that produce herbal formulations with similar herbs combinations to treat various neurological disorders. Chemically, bacosides the saponin mixture of Bacopa monnieri and triterpenoid glycosides in Centella asiatica have been considered as the key active components. [11-14]. Phytochemical investigations show important classes of bioactive constituents in selected plants as in combination of MT that are responsible for the bioactivity [15-20]. Literature survey reveals that, analytical methods including thin layer chromatography (TLC) [21], high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) [22, 23], liquid chromatography (LC) [6, 24, 25], liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) [26-29], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [30] have been developed for the quantitative analysis of the bioactive constituents in HMs to assess the quality of the complex preparations. Natural alteration in preparation processes and climate affects the safety and batch-to-batch uniformity of HMs products. Highly sensitive analytical methods are thus required to identify ingredients and evaluate lot-to-lot consistence. To the best of our knowledge, there is no method have been reported for the simultaneous estimation of selected 28 multi-markers in herbals by UPLC-ESI-MS/MSand no such formulation approach has been explored on this important drug combination for quality consistency evaluation of this herbal preparation. Compared to conventional TLC, HPTLC, HPLC–UV method which will take a longer analysis time, UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM), tandem MS scan mode offers detection effectively with more powerful approach, to rapidly quantify multi-ingredients in complex sample matrices due to its rapid separation power, low detection limit, high sensitivity, selectivity and specificity. The methods used or reported in literature only contained one or two compounds, without consideration of other active ingredients. This paper describes for the first time a simple, accurate and reliable UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 28 bioactive multiple components from different polyherbs including: bacoside A (mixture of bacoside A3, bacopaside II, bacopaside X and bacopasaponin C), withanolide-A, withaferin-A, asiaticoside, madecassoside, jatrorrhizine, palmatine, magnoflorine, curcumin, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, ellagic acid, rosamarinic acid, ursolic acid, catechin, apigenin, luteolin, quercetin, rutin, kaempferol-3-O-rutinoside, corilagin, chrysin and chlorogenic acid with single runtime of 10 min. The results indicated that the developed method is fast, sensitive and convenient to show the real quality of the polyherbal preparations. Therefore, this proposed method could be reliable and feasible for quality assessment of MT and all other herbal formulations manufactured by various pharmaceutical manufacturers with similar herbs combinations containing either these 28 markers or less. The method was also applied to analyze the multiple components in MT different batches from same manufacturer. Our results will facilitate the comprehensive quality control of MT and other similar related preparations. The quantitative results were further analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis i.e., hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principle component analysis (PCA) to provide more information about the chemical differences and batch-to-batch uniformity.

How Power Corrupted the Pigs in Animal Farm by George Orwell :: Free Essay Writer

The satire Animal Farm by George Orwell expresses the idea of self-government through the animals. The animals play the role of humans, in this way using most, if not all, of the human characteristics. Because the animals decide that they want to run the farm by themselves, they make up a way of living called Animalism. The basic principles of Animalism are two, all animals are to be treated as equals, and no animals shall acquire any human traits or characteristics whatsoever. The seven commandments under which they live are based on these major principles. As soon as they develop a whole new system, they throw out all of the humans that run the farm. Even though they are supposed to be equal, the pigs begin to take control. By the end of the novel, the pigs have manipulated the rest of the animals into doing everything they want. The pigs then become almost exactly like the humans. The most important pigs are Napoleon and Snowball, that is until Napoleon throws Snowball from the farm. It is throughout this satire that Orwell illustrates how power corrupts by showing the pigs actions. Power corrupts, absolute power corrupts absolutely is a concept widely understood after having read Orwell’s satire. It is first shown when the pigs take the milk and apples, explaining to the rest of the animals that everyone is equal, but some are just more â€Å"equal† than others. They also argue that the pigs do more thinking, and therefore need more energy to do so. It is in the latter part of the book, that the concept of corruption gradually earns its meaning. When Napoleon forces Snowball to leave the farm, the power is all his. Napoleon fixes anything that goes wrong on the farm simply by blaming Snowball. He insists that Snowball had always planned everything in order to harm the farm. Napoleon does not have a limit. The pigs break all seven commandments, some without notice, simply because power is addictive, and they constantly want more of it. It is never enough. These commandments are to be followed by all the animals living on the farm at all times. Included in these commandments is the sixth one which states that no animal shall kill any other animal. Napoleon breaks this commandment when he kills the chickens he says are against him and the farm’s ideals.

Business Proposal for a Retail Shop Selling Sports Clothing and Equipme

Business Proposal for a Retail Shop Selling Sports Clothing and Equipment - Introduction - In this coursework I have chosen to plan a proposal for a new business. The type of business I have chosen is a retail shop selling sports clothing and equipment. The shop will be called "Sporting Glory" and will be situated in the High Street of Sutton in Surrey. The aim of the business is to provide quality sports clothing and equipment to it's customers at affordable prices. Through this coursework I will decide how the business will be set up, what stock the business will have to sell (i.e. How much and over what range), how the business will advertise itself, how the business will overcome it's competition (if possible at all) and how the business' cash will be managed (who invests into the business, how much staff get paid etc.). The location of the business will also be decided as Sutton High Street has the capacity of many shops and a shopping mall/centre therefore it has to be decided exactly where the business will ...

Pollution and Culture in Greenland :: Greenland Environment Ecology Pollute Essays

Greenland is contaminated with considerable amounts of pollution, caused by large-scale atmospheric circulations, especially in winter. The pollutants in the Arctic are primarily sulfur, which is highly acidic, in both gas and aerosol form. Most of these pollutants are from anthropogenic sources deriving mainly from industrialized areas in the Eurasian continent. In addition to threatening environmental stability, pollution is speeding the unraveling of traditional Inuit culture in Greenland. Climate change is affecting the entire world, yet Greenland is especially sensitive to slight fluctuations due to its dependency of the natives’ traditional lifestyles on the environment. Melting ice and permafrost restrict access to hunting grounds making a traditional way of life consisting of hunting seal and caribou more difficult.2 Every four years, the Inuit living in Greenland, Canada, Alaska, and Siberia convene the Inuit Circumpolar Conference (ICC) to discuss issues of concern. The ICC lobbied successfully to ban a dozen organic pollutants, carried north by winds, that do not evaporate in the Arctic cold. These pollutants were infecting meat and berries, staples of the Inuit diet, as well as the breast milk of nursing mothers.3 There are many more problems facing the sustainability of Greenland, such as trans-boundary pollution and the fact that the Inuit are not an effective lobbying group due to differences in culture, dialect, and lack of communication. In November of 2004, a report by 250 scientists warned that the Arctic is warming twice as fast as the global average, which threatens to wipe out several species including polar bears, and melt summer ice around the North Pole by 2100.4 One of the reasons for the increased warming is that the dark water and ground in the arctic soak up more heat from the atmosphere than ice or snow. The levels of carbon dioxide today are about 379ppm and increasing, a comparable level to 55 million years ago when there was no ice on the planet due to the warmth of the atmosphere.5 If the Greenland ice cap melts, the sea level will rise six or seven meters. Although this is a worst-case scenario, it seems clear that steps must be taken to reduce the concentration of carbon dioxide and other pollutants in our atmosphere. Investigations of pollutants in Greenland during the past fifteen years show that the troposphere is burdened with high levels of trans-boundary pollution. The major anthropogenic contributors to this â€Å"Arctic haze† are central Europe, and northern Russia.

Shakespeare’s Henry V Minor Characters

Christina Priester Amy Smith Eng 205 10/15/12 The main characters in Shakespeare's Henry V are extraordinarily compelling. From the beginning of the play, most of the focus is directed to interactions between King Henry and other royalty or people of status and significance. Very little attention is focused on the minor characters, the peasants- the Hostess, the Boy, and the soldiers- Bardolf, Nym, and Pistol. Although these characters have only small parts in the play, they are essential. They take the spotlight for a moment, temporarily diverting our attention from the King and his political responsibilities.Each of them contribute necessary background information, their opinion of King Henry, and the soldier's perspective of the upcoming battle, The first act of the play is focused on the conspiracy between the leaders of the Church and King Henry making the decision to go to war with France. While all of the political information is needed for the plot, it is quite dense, and som e of it is hard to get through. There is some relief in Act II of the play, when the Hostess, the Boy, Bardolf, Nym, and Pistol are introduced.There is some humor in the exchanges between the soldiers. For example, Bardolph to Nym: â€Å"What, are Ancient Pistol and you friends yet? † Nym answers, and Bardolph to Nym: â€Å"I will bestow a breakfast to make you friends and we'll all three be sworn brothers to France. † This is clearly a sarcastic teasing remark to Nym, with the suggestion these two situations will never happen. The scene becomes grim when the Boy enters, informing them of Falstaff's illness. Falstaff is seriously ill, and in scene three of Act II, we learn that Falstaff has passed on.The soldiers grieve for their lost friend, but the Hostess has the strongest emotional reaction. She was caring for him at his bedside when he passed away. Falstaff was an integral character in the preceding play, King Henry IV. He and the other soldiers were friends of He nry before he became King. The friendship between Henry and Falstaff ended harshly. The Hostess, along with the soldiers think Falstaff's illness is in part caused by Henry's harsh treatment of Falstaff. In the passage by the Hostess, just after the Boy enters, she makes a statement â€Å"The King has killed his heart. After Nym and Pistol settle their quarrel, the Hostess tells the men to visit Falstaff, and Nym comments â€Å"The King hath run bad rumors on the knight, that's the even of it. † Although they hold the King partially to blame for Falstaff falling ill, they still seem to hold King Henry in high regard. Nym makes a statement to Pistol â€Å"The King is a good King, but it must be as it may, he passes some humors and careers. † The interpretation of this phrase is that although the King is good, he still has quirks and faults of his own.Pistol expresses his opinion of King Henry in Act IV, on the eve of battle when Henry, disguised as a volunteer soldier engages Pistol in a conversation. He tells Henry he thinks the King is a fine fellow, with a heart of gold, was raised well by his parents. He goes on to proclaim he love and loyalty to King Henry. Pistol is unaware he is speaking to the King himself. He shows contempt for the disguised King when he finds out about Henry's relation to Fluellen, the Captain that ordered the execution of Bardolph.King Henry is very adamant about the execution of Bardolph in Act III when he is caught stealing a holy relic from a French church. Henry gives his reasoning that Bardolph should be so punished â€Å"We would have all such offenders cut off. And we give express charge that, in our marches through the country, there be nothing compelled from the villages, nothing taken, but paid for, none of the French upbraided or abused in disdainful language; for when lenity and cruelty play for a kingdom, the gentler gamester is the soonest winner. This passage is basically saying he wants to make an exam ple of Bardolph as a warning to his soldiers to be respectful and not have the villages in France pillaged or the citizens terrorized, or they will have to face the consequences of their actions. He also feels that the French prisoners should face the consequences for the slaying of the Boys, and orders their throats to be cut. His anger fuels this decision because he wants justice for the boys that were slaughtered.At the end of battle, Henry carries the Boy, showing his sorrow for the loss of these young men. Overall, King Henry is seen by his soldiers as good and just, yet firm with his punishment of his subjects. Without the minor characters, our judgment of the King may be harshly skewed. They are also the only link in this play between the King and Falstaff. The minor characters enlighten our understanding of the King, give us some background information, and serve their purpose well.

A Defense of an Uncensored Worldwide Web

The fight for an uncensored worldwide web is, of course, characterized with conflicting principles and values.Although this can be resolved by the courts and other government agencies, there is no doubt that such resolution would not in any way mitigate or stop the struggle. It should be noted that values are not deterministic (behaving in pattern) or located in single set of arguments. They are defined by intensity and of course necessity. There are people who want to abolish the internet in some countries (the president and the imam of Iran for example). There are those who want to regulate the internet; that is, setting up limitations on internet access.And there are those who view the internet as an avenue for articulation (creativity); where intellectual, emotional, and psychological growth could be achieved.One of the most known cases involving the unlimited access to the internet occurred in the Alameda County on January 14, 1999.[1] The county court dismissed a lawsuit that s eeks to require the Livermore Library to censor the use of internet at the library. It was the second time that the request had been denied by the court.The plaintiff argued that the unlimited internet access at the library â€Å"constituted a public nuisance.† [2] She also argued that she had a constitutional right to force the library to discontinue its open access policy. The American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California though in a statement argued that such demonizing of the library also constitutes public nuisance.Not only that the civil liberty to inform was affected, but also the â€Å"right of the public to be informed† (the policy rests on the First Amendment values). [3] The same organization also noted that the internet use at the Livermore Public Library informed its patrons over its material content, and that the primary responsibility of supervising the use of internet for children belongs solely to their parents.The same organization noted that â€Å"it enables each family to be sure that its children use the Internet in a manner that is consistent with its own values without imposing those values on other families.†[4] After all the arguments and evidences had been examined, the court decided in favor of the defendant (Livermore Library); that is, for unlimited internet access.Here what one sees is a conflict of values: 1) individual freedom vs. order, 2) right to be informed vs. right to be protected from obscene materials, and 3) individual happiness vs. freedom of conscience. Such conflicts though should not be viewed with rigidity. They are conflicts that cannot be reconciled or settled. In this paper, we shall present evidences and arguments that favorably seeks unlimited internet access; that is, a defense of an uncensored worldwide web. The first part begins with a staunch defense from a normative view, that is, hedonism.[1] Court Upholds Livermore Library’s Uncensored Internet Access Policy. (Califor nia: ACLU of Northern California, January 14, 1999). URL http://www.aclunc.org/news/press_releases court_upholds_livermore_library's_uncensored_internet_access_policy.shtml. Retrieved October 1, 2007.  [2] Ibid [3] Ibid [4] Court Upholds Livermore Library’s Uncensored Internet Access Policy. (California: ACLU of Northern California, January 14, 1999). URL http://www.aclunc.org/news/press_releases/court_upholds_livermore_library's_uncensored_internet_access_policy.shtml. Retrieved October 1, 2007.   

AT&T “Don’t text while driving” Essay

This deadly Combination is brought to a heart wrenching point in the YouTube video called â€Å"Don’t text while driving† is also a campaign started by AT&T in 2010 â€Å"It can wait†. Everyday people are killed in car accidents. Motor vehicles are responsible for the lives of many innocent drivers and passengers on the road. A common reason responsible for these accidents involve texting while driving. Texting and driving projects horrific accidents whose consequences can be fatal and life changing. AT&T supports drivers to not text and drive on the road through their â€Å"Don’t text while driving† advertisements. In one of the short stories, a young man suffers from brain damage as a consequence to the text message â€Å"Where r† he was sending while operating a motor vehicle. Another one of AT&T’s short stories personifies a sister of a texting and driving victim. AT&T’s video sets a sympathetic mood, uses trustworthy spokespersons and uses style in textual information to appeal to the audience while convincing viewers to not text and drive. AT&T’s â€Å"Don’t text while driving† video establishes a relatable mood highlighted by the setting of the stories. Opening this powerful video is Missouri State Officer Grant Hendrix, he was the first responder on the scene of Mariah West’s fatal accident. He describes her physical disfigurement from her car violently colliding with a freeway barrier. Getting choked up Officer Hendrix then says, â€Å"it’s funny the first thing I noticed about her was her shoes lying in the roadway in a large pool blood I noticed her shoes and I thought this is a young girl, that’s the first thing I thought when I saw this girl and at that point is why I noticed her cap and gown was still in her car and that she was going to graduate the next day this was just a really ho rrific seen all because of a senseless text message† (0:54) Seeing a veteran officer get emotional, even admitting he sees these sorts of things often makes a powerful statement. Near the end of the video he making a poignant statement saying, â€Å"She paid the ultimate  price for her life I’ve had to do this more than once she was not the only victim that I have dealt with and it never gets any easier and it won’t get any easier was it worth it losing your life over that text message†(7:18) In the â€Å"Yeah† story with the sister of a victim, the setting is in the comfort of a home. Audiences can relate to the setting because almost everyone has or strives to have a place to call home. Ashley, the sister of a texting a driving victim, can no longer be at comfort in her own home without her sister. Knowing she sent the text message that caused the death of her sister is something she finds difficult overlook. In contrast, the â€Å"Where r† commercial ends with a young man in a rehabilitation center. He sits in the middle of the clinic holding a sign of the text that changed his life. Surrounding him is a wheel chair, exercise balls, and building blocks meant for children. The setting portrays his new life learning how to function in order to have a normal life again. In both cases, the setting appeals to pathos but in contrasting ways. The audience can relate to both situations by having a place to call home and what the consequences of texting a driving would be if one’s life was changed forever. The relaxed familiarity of a home can quickly change the mood of an audience after a traumatic experience. Additionally, a rehabilitation clinic is not an ideal place for a person to want to spend the rest of his or her life. Pathos is seen in these advertisements by connecting to the audience’s emotions. The setting evokes feelings of sympathy with the audience to create a relatable mood. Not only does the setting persuade audiences to not text and drive, the speakers presented in the commercials are credible and trustworthy. AT&T has respectfully not hired actors to speak about the hazards of texting and driving in their commercials. Instead they use real people who have personal knowledge and experience of the effects of texting a driving. AT&T effectively uses ethos by getting the audience to identify with the spokesperson. They are normal citizens whose lives were completely changed because of a text message. The sister in the â€Å"Yeah† story Ashley, tells of her sister saying how funny she was and how her sister was always texting her. One could tell they had a strong relationship before it was destroyed by the fatal car accident. Likewise, by just listening to the man with brain damage talk, the audience sympathizes with him. As he struggles to put on a  shirt, we see the physical effects the accident has taken on him. This video also strongly appeals to pathos because it makes the audience pity the speakers. An emotional connection is made by the audience and the speakers in these advertisements. With that said, AT&T addresses the problem of texting and driving through ethos and pathos presented by the commercial’s speakers. Along with identifying with the speakers, AT&T’s â€Å"Don’t text while driving† video portrays a unique style to convince the audience to not text and drive. For example, after the speaker tells his or her story, a blank white screen appears with the individual text message in bold, black letters. The bland screen with opposite colors proposes a straightforward persuasion technique that forces the audience to focus on the screen and the message being presented. These simple approaches appeal to pathos because each holds a strong message that stimulates the audiences’ emotions. At the end of the video, AT&T provides source information from Virginia Tech Institute dated from the year 2009. â€Å"Studies show that you are 23 times more likely to be involved in an accident when texting and driving†. (8:21) All of the textual information presented in the advertisement depicts pathos. AT&T constructs a reasonable argument of not texting and driving through the style demonstrated throughout the video. Indeed, texting and driving is a rising problem in society. Many lives are taken or even changed forever because of this selfless act. More people need to be informed of the consequences of texting and driving, and AT&T did just that. AT&T’s â€Å"Don’t text while driving† video convinces viewers to not text and drive through their many persuasive techniques. The commercials not only stimulate the audiences’ perspective, they effectively use visual stimuli to present and desist drivers from texting and driving. In light of the speakers’ credibility, ethos is present in the video as well. The settings, moods, speakers, and style all contribute to the persuasion of an audience in this video. AT&T not only sells cell phones, the company took it upon themselves to present a problem caused by cell phones. AT&T has the ability to engage an audience while promoting a cause and advertising their cell phone company in their â€Å"Don’t text while driving† video. On a personal note I have found myself guilty of doing this from time to time, I am ashamed to admit it but it’s true. I don’t believe anyone should be texting while driving, but how do I argue against something I am guilty of myself?  Do I use the old adage â€Å"do as I say, not as I do†? That seems very hypocritical, but after watching this video I have to say stop and think before picking up that phone while driving. It moved me the most seeing the sister Ashley wrought with guilt over her sister’s death. This was the most powerful for me, having lost someone I too felt guilty over losing it stamped AT&T’s message right in my heart. Lisa Walsh

Compare and contrast how the directors of ‘Titanic’ and ‘A Night to Remember’ portray the sinking of the Titanic

Using the factual accounts of the sinking of the Titanic, compare and contrast how the directors of ‘Titanic' and ‘A Night to Remember' portray the events that occurred. On Monday April the 14th 1912, brought an event which was to change thousands of lives and change the course of history. The ‘unsinkable' Titanic – the pride of the White Star fleet struck an iceberg and sank within hours causing a massive loss of life. This disaster has caught the imagination of many generations and has provided the source of many books and films both fact and fiction. The Titanic was on its maiden voyage to New York. It was the largest and greatest ship of its age, it was said to be like a floating city that carried 332 first class passengers in absolute luxury, 276 second class passengers and approximately 708 Steerage class or lower class passengers that suffered most casualties over the hours Titanic sank. The most famous films of the events surrounding the sinking of the Titanic are ‘A Night to Remember' by Roy Baker in 1958 which was based on the true story of Titanic, and most recently the 11 Academy award winning film ‘Titanic' by James Cameron in 1997 which is one of the most successful films of recent times. A Night to Remember' and ‘Titanic' approach the telling of the story in totally different ways, but have very similar themes running throughout. ‘A Night to Remember' is based on the book also called ‘A night to Remember' by Walter Lord. The film follows a chronological order of events with the central character of Lightholler the 2nd officer who survived the disaster. It focuses on him from when he boards the ship to when the ship is sinking. He is portrayed as a calm well respected leader, this is showed even more so when he shows courage and intelligence through his actions in keeping control of events and helping save lives. He plays a huge role in bringing the film together as he is someone who the watcher can focus on. The film highlights some of the mistakes that contributed to the disaster. It spends a large proportion of the time focusing on the radio room and how the operators where spending more time sending passengers personal business messages than listening to vital warnings from other ships of the danger of floating icebergs in the area. Throughout ‘A Night to Remember' the development of characters is very limited and many of them are focused on to show general scenes of passengers and crew and how they react to the events in different ways. In the opening scenes of ‘A Night to Remember' Baker, combines real footage of the launching of the titanic with acted scenes, he accomplishes this as he was so committed to telling the true story. However Cameron uses fake footage of the people waving goodbye to their loved ones, he fools us into believing it is real footage by changing the color contrast to a yellow to make it look old and historic. There are many stereotypes in the film, particularly the portrayal of the wealthy classes in first class, who appear to spend most of the film dressed in evening dress enjoying the splendor and luxury of the state rooms, and not realizing the severity of the situation when the ship strikes the iceberg. Many of them show little respect for the crew when asked to move to the lifeboats, and many resent having to wear life jackets. As the situation develops, and it becomes more apparent that the ships is really sinking then the mood changes and many develop an attitude of self protection. This is particularly shown by the Chairman of the White Star Line – Mr. Ismay who sneaks onto a lifeboat before many of the women and children have had a chance to leave the ship. This is noticed by Lightholler whose look of disgust shows his feelings towards his boss. Women in ‘A Night to Remember' are portrayed as thick and stupid as they make comments such as ‘You won't get back on board tomorrow without a pass' when the ship is about to sink to the bottom of the Atlantic. Throughout the film, a lot is shown of the class difference between the first class passengers, living in luxury, and the steerage class passengers who are accommodated in very basic accommodation below the waterline, with many sharing overcrowded rooms. Many of the gangways are locked during the sinking to prevent them getting on deck to have a chance of survival, as the crew know that the ship does not have enough lifeboats for everyone, and priority is being given to the first class passengers. Most of these steerage class passengers appear to be foreign immigrants to the USA, and thus of less value than the wealthy First Class passengers. Throughout the film the crew are shown to be professional and polite throughout, especially Lightholler, as the developing scenes of the film increase and when there is a rising tide of panic amongst the passengers and crew, Lightholler leadership qualities still stand out, as he is able to think in a calm and logical way, and overcoming many difficulties. However in ‘titanic' Cameron portrays him as a crew member who can only keep order by using weapons and treats ‘Order, order or I will shoot you all like dogs. ‘ The Captain of the Titanic, Captain Smith is portrayed in both films as a very stereotypical captain, with his white beard, and powerful presence, at no time during either film is it suggested that he is responsible for the disaster. In ‘Titanic' at the beginning he is shown as a dream maker and when the ship is sinking he is portrayed as lost and not in control. However in ‘A night to Remember' he is shown to be in control even when the ship is sinking as he gives the orders and in ‘Titanic' they are suggested to him by the crew. A Night to Remember' unlike ‘Titanic', spends some time on the two other ships in the area – The California which is only ten miles away, and could have reached the sinking Titanic quickly enough to save many of the passengers, but instead with its Captain asleep and the incompetent crew ignoring the frantic distress flare from the sinking ship, and turning off its radios. The Carpathia on the other hand is some sixty miles away when it hears the calls for help, and immediately starts racing towards the scene. The Captain is portrayed as efficient, and concerned in the way he prepares his ships to receive the casualties. The Titanic film makes no reference to the California, and The Carpathia only appears in the closing scenes of the film. The final scenes of ‘A Night to Remember', when the ship finally begins to sink beneath the surface is dramatic but without the benefit of computer graphics and animation available to Cameron, baker cannot possibly compete in terms of the drama that Cameron achieves in his modern film. In Cameron's film the ship is shown as breaking in two, with the stern rising vertically in the water before plummeting to the bottom. This was what actually happened according to eye witness accounts, but it is not portrayed like this in Bakers film. The sinking scenes in Cameron's film are some of the most dramatic and realistic in modern cinema. Cameron's ‘Titanic' makes a totally different approach to telling the story as it is based on fictional characters which are developed over a long period of time. It is basically a dramatic love story interwoven with the story of Titanic. The story develops between Rose, a rich girl who is forced into engagement to a multimillionaire steel baron – Cal Hockley. She feels trapped inside her own world causing her to feel like death is the only way out. However she is saved by Jack, a 3rd class passenger who makes a living out of pencil drawings. They soon fall into forbidden love as Rose's fiancie and her mother try to separate them several times. It uses flash backs from current times to the events in April 1912 through the eyes of a survivor of the disaster. The opening scenes of Titanic shows a salvage squad looking for a precious diamond that would be worth millions of pounds today. They finally find the safe which they believed it was kept in but they soon find out that the safe is empty apart from a drawing of a beautiful young girl wearing the diamond. This leads to a report on television which is seen by Rose who is now 104 years old as she recognises herself as the girl in the drawing. The salvage squad determined to find the diamond fly Rose out to the site where she recounts the events that lead to the sinking of Titanic. Throughout Titanic Cameron uses many different methods to represent the different classes by showing the contrast by focusing on the higher class to the middle class then to the lower class. In the opening scene Cameron focuses on the higher classes when the ship is being loaded with all the expensive cars, paintings and possessions and luggage. They are all dressed very smartly and are well presented. He then shows the different contrast between classes when moves the camera to show all the 3rd class passengers waiting to board. Many of them are in old ragged clothes with all there possessions in just one or two bags. He also shows how the lower classes are getting checked for fleas and lice before they board the ship. It is quite evident that many of the third class passengers are immigrants, heading for a new life in America. This class divide is repeatedly shown throughout the film, and it is more striking in Cameron's film than Baker's. After Jack talks Rose out of jumping overboard, Jack is invited to eat with Rose, her fianci, and the rest of their party, this is supposed to be a reward for saving Rose's life. It is a very grand dinner, in the first class dining room, and Cal and the rest of his party try to humiliate Jack, because he comes from a poor background and has no money ‘Mr. Dawson, well its amazing you can almost pass as a gentlemen'. Jack however does not seem to be affected, and it is clear that Rose is attracted to Jack, and finds him far more interesting than her self-centered fianci. Jack then leaves the dinner, shortly followed by Rose, and he takes her to ‘a real party' in steerage. Here the third class passengers are having a fantastic party, with dancing, and singing. Rose seems to be enjoying herself extremely as we also see her drinking pints of beer, which is a severe contrast to the expensive wine served from crystal classes, she has just had upstairs. It is clear that Rose is far more interested in Jack as a person, than Cal. This class divide is further shown when Rose and Jack, who by now are in love, are discovered by Cal and Cal's personal assistant/bodyguard, in Cal's state room. Jack has just done a pencil drawing of Rose lying down naked and wearing the expensive diamond that plays a large part of the film's plot. Jack and Rose run off, with Cal's bodyguard running after them. They run from the luxury of the stateroom with its own private walkway deck, probably the most expensive accommodation on the ship, through different levels of accommodation, through steerage class, with its overcrowded accommodation. Cameron even takes them through the engine room, which is represented, almost as a hell, with sweaty stokers shoveling coal to feed the boilers that are driving the ship. There is noise, fire, steam, and oil which together creates an immense contrast to the wealth and luxury of the staterooms at the top of the ship. Cameron's film has spent over half the film developing the main characters of Jack, Rose, and Cal. It is over one hour and forty minutes before the ship strikes the iceberg. From this tragic moment, there are many similarities between the two films. Of course Cameron's film, with its multimillion pound budget is far more effective, however the basic order of events remain the same, and it almost as though Cameron has made direct copies of some of the scenes from ‘A Night to Remember'. The scene when Mr. Andrews, the ships designer, who is on board, relates to the Captain that the ship will unavoidably sink ‘that's five compartments! She can stay afloat, with the first four compartments breached, but not five, not five, she will go down by the head and the water will spill over the tops of the baulk heads from one to the next' This is what Mr. Andrews says in ‘Titanic' and it is almost exactly identical to ‘A Night to remember'. There are many other examples of similarities from the point the ship strikes the iceberg. We see how at first passengers are unaware of what has happened, and how some are told (in both films), that the shuddering that was heard was ‘a propeller blade' being shed. We see in both films how the first class passengers are unwilling to follow the instructions of the crew to get into their life jackets. We see in both films how the third class passengers are locked down below decks, and the first class passengers are given priority in boarding the limited number of lifeboats. We see how there are examples of cowardice by men in both films, and how the chairman of the White Star Line, sneaks aboard a lifeboat before his turn. We also see how Cal tries bribing the crew to allow him aboard the lifeboat, when this fails he even uses child. This scene is not shown in Bakers film because Cal Hockley is a fictional character; however it does show how heartless Cal is and how men may have behaved during the event. In both films, even during the rising disaster, there are elements of humour, but these are very different in both films. In Baker's film we keep returning to a chef who is getting more and more drunk, as he drinks a whole bottle of whisky, not that amusing today, but forty years ago, it would have been. There is also a scene when some bell boys are told off for smoking in a public room, which is quite incredible when you think about the events unfolding around them. There is also another scene that is similar in both films, when the panicking third class passengers break down a barrier, and are accused of damaging ‘White Star property! ‘ This is said when the whole ship is about to sink to the bottom of the Atlantic! Cameron however is slightly more subtle with his humour. This is shown in the scene where Jack has been handcuffed to a pipe, and the only way that he can escape is if Rose can chop through the chain with a fire axe. As he is concerned that she might miss he asks her to practice on a cupboard, by hitting the cupboard, and then trying to hit the same spot for a second time, she misses by several feet, but as the situation is now frantic Jack urges her to chop through the chain. She manages it successfully, and they escape. Another example of humor is represented in the scene where the ship has sunk and jack says to Rose ‘I don't know about you, but I intend to write a strongly worded letter to the White Star fleet about all this. Cameron uses this comment to lighten the mood of the audience after witnessing such tragedy. Both films follow the same basic factual accounts of the sinking, and portray them in a similar way: the separation of children and women from their fathers; lack of life boats; priority given to 1st class passengers over 3rd class passengers to board the life boats; acts of cowardice, and the fact that the life boats did not return to help those in need. The main differences between the two representations are that ‘Titanic' follows a forbidden love story, and a ‘Night to Remember' focuses purely on the factual side of events. As ‘A Night to Remember' is presented in a way that it frequently fools us into thinking that it's a documentary, I believe this makes the story less interesting. In my opinion as a film ‘Titanic' is overall more successful in capturing the attention of the audience due to advantages of modern day special effects and the added striking love story.