Black Power Movement Free Essays

America has seen itself change over and over again. America is the home of the free and the brave. However, this beautiful nation has not always been like this. We will write a custom essay sample on Black Power Movement or any similar topic only for you Order Now America has had to go through many ups and many downs to beautify. Racial discrimination has played a huge role in American society. Even today, there are still racial inequalities. These racial inequalities are not as bad as they were in the early and mid nineteen hundreds though. Two of the biggest reasons that positive steps have been made towards eliminating racial inequality is the Harlem Renaissance and the Black Power Movement. These two events helped shape who Americans are today. While these two events did not totally eliminate racial discrimination, they were huge rolls in shrinking it. These two events have many things in common, but also many differences. Without the Black Power Movement and the Harlem Renaissance, America would not be where we are today. Even though African Americans were enjoying the new terrain in the United States, they could tell that there was still something missing. They did everything in their power to help stop against racial discrimination. They created new culture and went out of their ways to be viewed as a regular American. They referred to themselves as â€Å"New Negro’s† because they defined themselves by a sense of racial difference. They believed that they were living a totally different life and a whole new culture. Discrimination continued so the African Americans left the south to head to bigger and better cities with more opportunity. Many African Americans headed to New York and mainly Harlem. While here the â€Å"New Negro’s† started an uproar of their culture called the Harlem Renaissance. This event started in Harlem, the upper portion of Manhattan. The event turned Harlem in to a center of art and creativity. The Harlem Renaissance gave birth to many important African Americans. Multiple novelists and artists were born. The â€Å"New Negro’s† began to explore American blackness in America during the nineteen twenty’s and it’s origins from Africa. One of the first noticeable events of the Renaissance came after a man named Charles Johnson organized a civic club dinner. Johnson constructed this dinner for the releasing of a book that had been written by a black author that Johnson believed had potential. The dinner was a total success and white people enjoyed the book. For the first time in history, white operated publishing houses published books that were written by Negros. Better than that, some white people started to promote the books as well. The Harlem Renaissance also helped influence black musicians to perform in front of white people. The Harlem Renaissance for the first major step that Americans took on the way to becoming civilized. The Renaissance gave birth to music, art, literature, and dance throughout Harlem and America. This wonderful event however came to an end in the mid nineteen thirty’s. The great depression played a role in ending this marvelous event. Financial needs became more important than the expression of art and music. Many Blacks artists from the Renaissance had to leave Harlem to find jobs in other places. Even with having to move some of the African American writers art continued to still be published. The Black Power Movement played out in a far more violent way than the Harlem Renaissance. More than 300 race riots broke out between nineteen sixty four and nineteen sixty nine. These riots really put the gap between a great society and the reality of an African American in to perspective. More and more violence was spread throughout Harlem when a fifteen year old Black boy was shot by a white police officer in nineteen sixty four. In August of nineteen sixty five things went from bad to worse. In just five days, more than one thousand fires had been burned, and thirty four lives had been taken in Los Angeles. The Black Power Movement developed a saying. Stokely Carmichael said, â€Å"What we are gonna start saying now is Black Power! †. This saying was interpreted in many different ways. The most common interpretation cam from the Black Panthers though. The Black Panthers were initially started to protect the black neighborhoods from the white officers. The group was formed in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. The Panthers also started schools and tried to promote peace. However, they ended up becoming known for their violence. Because of the Black Panthers violence, the Black Power saying became known as hostile to both blacks and whites. The Black Power Movement also sparked the freedom of speech movement at the University of California at Berkley in nineteen sixty four. Americans had not seen anything like the protests at Berkley and these protests lead to â€Å"counterculture†. Counterculture was all about rock and roll music, drugs, and sex. Counterculture gave us bands like The Beatles, and The Rolling Stones. Students then rebelled even further to demand that dorms should be a mix between male and female. The Black Power Movement brought a whole new outlook to America. Although there was a lot of violence going on during this time, America took positive steps as well. Americans are still affected by this movement today. The Black Power Movement slowly came to and end in the early nineteen seventy’s, yet we still feel the effects today. The Harlem Renaissance and Black Power Movement have many things in common, yet have just as many differences. Both of these crucial events blossomed very important black and white people. The Harlem Renaissance focused more on the art of music and literature, while the Black Power Movement was more about the reality of an African American. They both had a huge impact on Americans, whether the impact was positive or negative. These two events were very different as well. The violence in the Harlem Renaissance was nothing compared to the violence in the Black Power Movement. The Black Power Movement killed multiple people while the Harlem Renaissance did the complete opposite. The Harlem Renaissance sparked more of an art and literature movement. Without the Black Power Movement and the Harlem Renaissance, America would not be where we are today. These two events are major in American History. America is known as the home of the free and the brave. However, America has not always been this way and even today we still suffer from racism and segregation. Racial inequalities played a huge role back during this events. If there was no racial inequalities none of these events probably would have happened. America is shaped the way we are today because of the events of our country’s past. Works Cited http://www.biography.com/blackhistory/harlem-renaissance.jsp How to cite Black Power Movement, Papers

Employee Engagement for Business and Management - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theEmployee Engagement for Business and Management. Answer: When a student succeeds in passing their exams, it is because of their determination and hard work and theory of being fortunate has nothing to do with the success (Goldsmith, Marshall 2010). Working hard in this case also represents working smart but there is misconception especially among student that working hard involves becoming miserable for a few years in order to get to their success point. This is definitely the wrong method of trying to succeed and this may lead to losing focus and begin daydreaming which we must make sure we are always the hard worker instead of the daydreamer if we want to succeed and realize our goals (Delaney, and Peter 2010). Everyone has their respective goals. As students, our goals are mostly to succeed academic-wise. However, only a few ask themselves: does the effort they put in match their goals? Are their goals achievable by how they strive? The statement people succeed because of their hard work is very true and the people who are hardworking have a true smell of their success (Kompaso, Solomon, and Sandhya 2010). Billionaires such as Bill Gates and Ratan are one of the most successful people in the world simply because they refused to be daydreamers and instead embark on hard work. Mr. Narayana Murthy the founder of Infosys is a billionaire who started with nothing but because of his determination, strong will power and his hard work now own one of the biggest companies in the world. According to Robert Kelchen, a hard worker or a hard-working student is one that shows elements that contribute to achieving success and prosperity in the academia.The said student is determined to persistent, give their best and take advantage of opportunities around them. Edisons defined success as one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration meaning that success is a result of hard work. This type of students is diligent to carrying out their duties. They could also be called the achievers, grinders, eager beavers and doers. As the proverb goes no pain no gain when facing hard work, they persevere and finish it no matter how tough it is because they always keep their ultimate goals in mind (Grant, and Heidi 2012). What makes someone hardworking? What qualifies a person to be said as a hard worker? The story of the famous Harry Potter writer J.K. Rowling serves as a great example of a hard worker. Creating her book series story wasnt a one or two steps process but it was rather years of perseverance to be successful. Rowling conceived the idea of her book and she began writing but this was immediately set aside by the death of her mother and instead of writing she sank into depression, grief and little was achieved and accomplished at that time. After fighting months of grief, she took a job as an English teacher in Portugal, her time off was to get away from her problem and also finish her writing her book but things did not go as she had planned. She failed not only in making progress with her book but she also ended up in an abusive and eventually failed marriage and a daughter to raise alone. Things turned from bad to worse with no job, unfinished product and a daughter to take care. She su ffered depression and relied on unemployment benefits for a living. Rowling started working on her book again in her free time when she was not with her daughter and after she finished writing the first few chapters she sent her manuscript to twelve different publishers but was rejected and she began losing confidence in her work but all the same did not lose hope and finally found a publisher who agreed to publish her novel. Despite all the challenges Rowling was the first woman to become a billionaire author and has earned over $400 million book sales and more than $480 million in the Harry Potter movie. Rowling story could have been a different one. She could have looked at her situation and lose hope but despite the harsh environment and situation she instead worked hard to pursue her dreams (Maxwell, and John 2013). In contrast, a daydreamer is the type of students who are not willing to put in the effort to realize their goals; instead, they only dream about the dream (Singer, and Jerome 2014). A daydreamer is also someone who feels the need to escape to a reality of their own. They are also known as the escapists and the fantasists, and the opposite of them are the "doers", the effort payers, and what I had been talking about - the hard workers. So here is a story of an example of this type of people. Joyce M. Jarrett, a black female and the author of the article Freedom in Visions across the Americas, allowed herself to be overlooked by other students and dismissed by her teacher when she started going to school back in the 1960s. She was a voracious freedom and racial equality seeker; however, all she did was hoping that one day people around her treat her the way she wished. She later found out that daydreaming is never going to solve her problems as her days were just a series of motions a nd she began fighting for the human rights herself. Thus we now have a clear picture of both hard workers and daydreamers. Clearly, there are a lot of differences between the two: The former is willing to do the work, is more determined and finally succeed while the latter does not and as the saying goes nothing good comes easy the former is more tiring than being the latter; However, we may not realize that the two actually have some similarities too as both have their goals and thinks they are going to achieve it (Kouzes, James, and Barry 2011). That is, some daydreamers may not realize that they are daydreaming. They became lazy without even themselves noticing it, and by the time they did they have already failed. This means its crucial that we check whether we have fallen to the daydreaming tier once in a while to avoid failure. In conclusion, hard work is the only way to excel; there are no shortcuts especially in academics and at a job. People ought to take charge of their lives and stop assuming that other people will do their work for them i.e. they should start taking responsibility for their life. A person desires to have many things in their life which some of them may be by destiny but for the most of the things he have to toil and cannot have them just because they wish for them just as one wise man once said a clay pot sitting on a sun will always be a clay pot but it has to go through white heat furnace to become porcelain. Work cited Tucker, Catherine, Andrea Dixon, and Ke'Shana Griddine. "Academically Successful African American male Urban High School Students' Experiences of Mattering to Others at School."Professional School Counseling14.2 (2010): 135-145. Goldsmith, Marshall.What got you here won't get you there: How successful people become even more successful. Profile books, 2010. Kompaso, Solomon Markos, and M. Sandhya Sridevi. "Employee engagement: The key to improving performance."International journal of business and management5.12 (2010): 89. Grant-Halvorson, Heidi.9 Things Successful People Do Differently. Harvard Business Press, 2012. Maxwell, John C.How successful people lead: Taking your influence to the next level. Center Street, 2013. Kouzes, James M., and Barry Z. Posner.Credibility: How leaders gain and lose it, why people demand it. Vol. 244. John Wiley Sons, 2011. Singer, Jerome L.Daydreaming, and Fantasy (Psychology Revivals). Routledge, 2014. Delaney, Peter F., et al. "Remembering to forget: The amnesic effect of daydreaming."Psychological Science21.7 (2010): 1036-1042.

Cults Essays (742 words) - Cult, Pejoratives, French Law

Cults Recently I read an article about the Heavens Gate Cult, and I wondered why on earth would someone get involved in a cult whose purpose seemed so ridiculous. How can you make sense out of the suicide of 39 people? How can you explain behavior that seems so strange? Should we just assume that people who follow this kind of cult are weirdoes, stupid, insane, evil, or is there something more to it? I decided to do a little online research to find out a little more about cults. I found out that cults are really not all that uncommon, and that almost anyone can fall victim to a cult. Most people do not set out to join a cult. They get involved with a group of interesting people. These groups usually promise to fulfill a persons individual needs or to compensate for societies failures. These groups may promise to heal sickness, foretell the future, or enhance a persons life in some way. The leaders of these cults usually promise to have all the answers to whatever problems these people have. These groups become cults when they are seen as deceptive, dangerous, or they oppose the basic values of society. Usually people get involved with cults when they are at a vulnerable period in their lives. People who are at a transitional period in their lives, like people who recently lost a job, or someone who just moved to a new area may be susceptible. Another reason why people get involved with these groups could be that they are unsatisfied with their religions, their education, or their social lives. The cult seems to fill the void of whatever is missing in a persons life. People find instant friendships, a caring family, an identity, safety, security, and an organized agenda for every day life. Most people who are recruited into cults are recruited by people they feel they can trust, in a setting that is familiar. Family, friends, neighbors, co-workers or teachers often do recruitment. Recruitment often takes place in familiar places like school, home, work, churches, workshops, or (as in the case of Heavens Gate) over the Internet. This makes the cult feel safe and comfortable. People dont feel like they are getting involved in a cult instead they feel like they are joining the crowd. Cult leaders offer simple answers to the complex problems of everyday living. They claim to know a simple path to happiness, to success, and to Salvation. . People who follow their simple rules and simple lifestyle will be on this path. Cult leaders give members very simple directions on how to think, act and feel. In return a member gets all those things that may be missing from their lives. What these leaders claim to know seems so simple and easy, that some people feel they can participate with little hesitation it seems like a perfect solution for those people who feel that they are powerless in their lives. Each new member contributes to a leaders power by trading their own freedom for the illusion of security that each group has. The madness of a cult leader becomes normalized as members embrace it. It becomes a members belief system. Cults like Heavens Gate are unusual however; there are many different kinds of cults around. Some cults can be more dangerous than others. Some are money or power oriented, while others are spiritual centered. A money, or power-centered cult can become dangerous when it manipulates members into contributing large amounts of money or personal sacrifice. A member may be asked to spend large amounts of time earning money for the cult. They may be asked to beg, borrow, or steal money. A spiritual based cult can also become dangerous. Theses religious cults claim that they know all of lives unanswered questions. Typically members of these cults become isolated from the world around them. They are expected not to talk to anyone who is not a member. Is there anyway we can prevent cults from forming? I guess to answer that we would have to look behind the messages behind cults. Usually cults form because there is something missing from society. We would have to find a way

Beginning A Business Letter with First Person Singular

Beginning A Business Letter with First Person Singular Beginning A Business Letter with First Person Singular Beginning A Business Letter with First Person Singular By Maeve Maddox A reader wonders about beginning a letter with the first person pronoun: I was taught never to begin a letter (business or personal) with the word â€Å"I.†Ã‚  This must certainly have to do with the mostly outdated concept of humility being a virtue.  However, I continue to believe that humility is a virtue and that the root cause of much evil is egocentrism.  This rule does cause me to rewrite the beginning of many letters to comply with this admonition.   Like the reader, I was also taught not to begin a letter with â€Å"I† and often find myself struggling to avoid doing so. I even go back and take out the first person pronoun in the body of a letter if there seem to be too many. Apparently many of us were taught this â€Å"rule,† but as far I can discover, it isn’t and never was a rule. I possess an assortment of grammar books and style guides with various publication dates. The closest thing to a rule that I’ve found is this comment from a text published in 1907: Free use may be made of the personal pronouns [in correspondence], even of the First Person Singular; though it is better not to begin many sentences with â€Å"I.† The best practice is to choose the first word of a business letter according to the purpose of the letter. A sales letter might appropriately begin with you, while a letter of application might benefit from beginning with I. A University of Washington letter-writing guide offers five sample application letters. Each one begins with the first person singular pronoun. The caveat against beginning a business letter with I belongs with those other cherished grammar superstitions like â€Å"never end a sentence with a preposition.† Writers can choose to avoid doing it when possible, but there’s no need to suffer pangs of guilt when we can’t think of an alternative. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Has vs. HadAwoken or Awakened?5 Tips to Understand Hyphenated Words

Leadership Challenge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Challenge - Essay Example Leadership involves the most vital resources of the organization- the people. Power distribution between leaders and group members is unequal. Leadership involves the use of different forms of power to influence the behavior of followers. And lastly, leadership is about values. Management is the process of planning, organising, leading and controlling all phases of business operation in order to achieve the objectives of that organisation. Effective management invariably results in business success, while ineffective management often results in business failure. Planning is an intellectually demanding process, because it requires deliberate courses of action where decisions are based on purpose, knowledge and considerable degree of estimates. Planning minimizes costs. Its emphasis is on efficient and effective operations and consistency of procedures and methods. Organizing includes the skills of self- managing and team work thus time is considered as an essential factor. The word organization refers to the structure or a network of relationships among individuals interacting with one another. Organizing as a tool is an end in itself but a means of achieving the objectives of the organization. ... manager without the authority necessary to direct and supervise it, and the provision for coordination horizontally and vertically in the organizational structure. Controlling makes use of skills involving setting of performance standards and measurements of performance as well as flexibility and adaptability to change. Controlling is the managerial function of measuring and correcting performance in order to make sure that organizational objectives and plans that were deliberately devised to be attained are being accomplished. Planning and controlling are closely related that some manager and management practitioners think that their functions are also closely related. Objectives and plans are very important and control is not possible, because performance has to be measured against some established criteria. Controlling, as a management tool, is the function of every manager from president to supervisor. While the range of control varies among managers, those at all levels have the responsibility for the effective implementation of plans. Control is the process of assuring management that the organizational plans, objectives, programs and other specific tasks are carried out effectively and efficiently. The basic control process involves three steps: establishing standards, measuring performance against these standards, remedies for deviation from standards and plans. SUMMARY Kouzes introduced the five practices. "Faced with different cultures and difficult circumstances, Lindsay Levin and Alan Keith each seized the opportunity to lead. They chose a pioneering path and led their organizations to new summits of excellence. And although their cultures and circumstances are distinct, we learned some important lessons about leadership from Lindsay, Alan, and

The Transition from High School to College in Kuwait Research Paper

The Transition from High School to College in Kuwait - Research Paper Example    Previous literature reports on student’s transition into campus have mainly focused on the determinants of success of first-year students (Christensen & Evamy, 2011) Learning and expectation of first-year students (Tabitha et al. 2012) and Engaging ethnically and empowerment of first-year students (Apelian, 2010). Little literature is available on the challenges of students transitioning from high school to university in Kuwait. This research paper aims to evaluate the challenges faced by students joining the college for undergraduate programmes.   Most students are happy to join undergraduate studies. (Nia, 2014) state that this, however, brings extreme distress because most of them are separating with accustomed settings and places for the first time. Briggs (2013) argue that the transition process from high school to university is likely to interfere with physical comfort, social security and the pleasure from extracurricular activities in the first year.   Briggs (2013) adds that the transition process can be stressful. The segregation of students in the Middle East, for example, brings trauma to students most of who learn for the first time with the opposite gender. The students are also responsible for making major decisions regarding their schedule; this can be challenging given most of their time in lower classes was managed by teachers. Roe et al. (2010) confirm that students find it hard to adjust to making decisions on what to undertake at a particular time as well as sleep and wake up time.

Contrast Womens Position In The Mauritian Sociology Essay

Contrast Womens Position In The Mauritian Sociology Essay There has been a marked change for the better in our overall approach towards the women in Mauritius. Gone are the days when their place was considered to be behind the four walls of the house and their only job was confined to looking after the household affairs. But now they can be seen working shoulder to shoulder with men in every sphere of life. This is undoubtedly a good sign and an indication of their emancipation. It is a known fact that women have played an active role in the economic development of Mauritius since its independence in 1968. In the period 1983-2001 the number of women in full-time employment rose by 81 per cent, from 93,000 to 168,700. Women now represent 51 per cent of the population (608,458 out of a total population of 1,205,665) and 35 per cent of the labour force (186,400 out of 538,500). The share of women in total employment stands at 34 per cent in 2001, up from 23 per cent in 1972. As in most developing countries, womens increased economic importance has been the result of a gradual process of change and not an explicit policy focus. But it is important to stress that since ratifying the UN Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women in 1984, the Mauritian Government has undertaken a number of significant legal reforms to remove all instances of discrimination against women in Mauritian law. However, while the economic empowerment of women has known significant progress over the decades, there is still a long way to go to raise their standard of living to be at par with that of their male counterparts in the work sector. Women in the Mauritians public and private sector Women still have to strive to be at the same level of their male counterparts in the Mauritian public and private work sector. According to Central Statistical Office, employment in the General Government Sector decreased by about 500 from 74 300 (52,100 males, 22,200 females) in March 2006 to about 73 800 (51 200 males, 22 600 females) in March 2007. Three out of four persons employed in General Government were males. Male workers were predominant in all activity groups, except in Real estate, renting and business services where the female employees accounted for 66 percent of the total employment in the activity. It is to be noted that female employment in Public administration and defence; compulsory social security, Education and Health and social work together accounted for around 96 percent of total female employment in General Government. Employment by Ministry/Department and gender in the General Government, March 2007 Government Services Male Female Total Budgetary Central Government 37 367 16 975 54 342 Office of the President, Judicial and National Assembly 503 245 748 Prime Ministers Office 12 465 1,033 13 498 Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade 157 169 326 Ministry of Agro Industry and Fisheries 220 242 462 Ministry of Education, Culture and Human Resources 5765 5811 11576 Ministry of Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment 276 233 509 This table show that the majority of public jobs are being allocated to males rather than their females counterparts, hence, perpetuating the notion of gender inequality in the public work sector. In the private arena too, the scene is more or less the same. Men are the more preferred employees and dominate almost all the spheres of work. Occupation-wise, women are largely confined to low level, low paid jobs, such as machine operators in the EPZ enterprises, clerk, typists and shop assistants. Nearly 60 per cent of women work in the manufacturing sector, of whom 91 per cent in the textile factories. 75,000 employees in the private sector earn less than Rs 5000. 75 per cent of them are women. Only 14 per cent (or one in seven) of women in full-time paid employment in the private sector hold senior management or professional posts. Despite the positive developments that had taken place in Mauritius in this modern era with respect to the increase in womens employment, the promotion of their human rights and their economic independence, this inequality between man and woman in the labour force still insists although we are all now talking about combating gender inequality. For example women are more likely to be employed in jobs like sales girls, clerks, assistant, speakers, whereas on the other hand, jobs with big positions and which require leadership skills such as ministers, managers, engineers, doctors, lawyers are mostly reserved for men. Why is it so? The statistics are showing us that girls are outperforming boys in primary, secondary and tertiary education. How come they are not allocated the big post public or private jobs in the country. This is the question that renders us perplexed. Women continue to aspire for leadership positions in all spheres of governance in both the public and private sector. H owever it has not been easy we can say. Historically, leadership has carried the notion of masculinity and the belief that men make better leaders than women is still common today. Although the number of female leaders has increased, they are often named as an afterthought. This belief that men lead and women follow is so impregnated in the Mauritian mind that the second sex though intelligent are being deprived of many facilities in the workforce. They are not treated fairly as their male counterparts in the work setting. Despite efforts made to ensure that female representation is achieved at all levels of governance, women are still underrepresented in many government and non-government organizations particularly in positions of power and leadership (de la Rey, 2005). From statistics presented by Sadie (2005) on the Southern African Development Community (SADC) parliamentary structures, it is evident that the target of 30% representation by women in political and decision-making structures of member states was not met, except in South Africa and Mozambique. For instance, by 2004 the proportion of women in parliament was 15.4% in Angola, 15.9% in Botswana, 12% in Lesotho, 14.4% in Malawi, 17.14% in Mauritius, 25% in Namibia, and while South Africa and Mozambique had 32.8% and 37.2% respectively. Great strides have been made in the political realm, and womens participation in both the freedom struggles and democratic processes of many African countries including Mauritius have been notable. However, this participation has not always translated into equal representation in political leadership positions. Once elections are conducted, and positions are assigned, one realizes that women are no longer visible, thus, we can notice that in politics, women have been marginalized because men monopolize the decision making structures and are in the majority. Moreover, in education and academic circles too, the picture is more distressing especially if one looks at higher education. One would expect that things would change faster in this environment. After all, as Carleene Dei (2006) observed, universities are traditionally viewed as centres of free thought, change and human development. But leadership in higher education is still a mans world and universities are male dominated institutions. Men also dominated positions at professorial and senior lecturer positions. It is therefore quite evident that men dominate the governance and management levels of higher education institutions. Consequently, men have the decision-making power and authority regarding strategic direction, and allocation of resources. Various factors are at work in limiting womens potential to aspire to positions of leadership both in the public and private sector. Sadie (2005) advanced the argument that women face the patriarchal system where decision making powers are in the hands of males. Despite womens education and entry into the job market, the womans role is typically one of homemaker. The man, on the other hand, is bread winner, head of household and has a right to public life .Confining womens identity to the domestic sphere is one of the barriers to womens entry into politics. The media too has a major part in influencing and perpetuating the second sex as being inferior. For example, they always portray women to be sensitive, calm, caring, looking after children and men as being assertive, courageous, and valiant. Thus, it is not surprising to see men dominating the work arena. The table below shows that all types of public and private jobs are mostly suited to men rather than female. Women dominate in the clerical sector only. Employment by occupational group and sex, 2009 However, despite inequality prevailing, there are some women who were able to transcend cultural barriers, stereotypes and rise to positions of leadership (whether in politics or elsewhere), such as Margaret Thatcher, Sonia Gandhi, Julia Gillard. But these are exceptions and exceptions do not make the rule! In fact, it has been argued that women themselves are often reluctant to run for public positions and this is partly attributed to cultural prohibitions on women speaking in public or going to public places. Political campaigning for instance, requires that one travel extensively, spend nights away from home, go into bars, and for women it means meeting men. Women who struggle for public office have to consider the risk of being labelled loose or unfit as mothers and wives, and being socially stigmatized. Such considerations make many women shy away from politics, and positions that put them in the public eye. Furthermore, in other public and private arenas also, womens access to leadership positions has been hindered by discrimination and stereotyping. Women are more or less persecuted for seeking an executive position. This is largely due to societys attitude toward appropriate male and female roles. Women have to face the sticky floor, preventing them to get access to the high position jobs. In fact, the recruitment processing itself is discriminating women. For instance, in the private sector, the manager will choose a married man employer rather than a married woman in the recruitment process. Since they all have the prejudices that women can fall pregnant at anytime, they will have to take maternity leaves, thus, hampering the productivity of the company during their absences. Therefore, with a male worker, there is no such problem. Hence, men are more favoured and are more likely to be recruited. Comparison of salary in the public v/s private sector If the public service, decrying those at the top of the wage scale are worse off compared to the private sector, in the private sector, it insists that the preservation of jobs is more important than salary increases that might putting the company at risk. In the private sector, employees whether men or women are better paid than in the public sphere. The table below shows this evidence. Its source is from MEF. Types of jobs Public sector Private sector Receptionist / Telephonist Between Rs 8400 and Rs 16000 Between Rs 5,000 and Rs 28,210 Human Resource Officer Between Rs 17,200 and Rs 26,400 Between Rs 15,358 and Rs 41,420 Secretary Between Rs 9600 and Rs 21400 Between Rs 10,167 and Rs 29,434 Human resource manager Between Rs31,250 and Rs 45,000 Between Rs 35,000 and Rs 94,600 Civil Engineering Between Rs 22,000 and Rs 45,000 Between Rs 20,375 and Rs 65,300 General worker Between Rs 6,425 and Rs 10,200 Between Rs 6,205 and Rs 18,300 Conclusion and Recommendation Women continue to enter the workplace in increasing numbers in all developed countries. Several factors account for this trend. An increasing number of economies have become industrialized, the service sector has grown opening up positions for women, and growth in public and not-for profit sectors have created new opportunities for women. However, the pace of advancement for women in the top position jobs continues to be slow and uneven in different countries and cultures. Women still cannot crack the marble ceiling and are thus at a disadvantage despite they possess lots of skills and aptitudes. Educational institutions can help by teaching the equality of the sexes through lessons. Further, the family too should not be biased and give the same kind of upbringing to the sons and daughters. Boys should be made to help in the domestic chores as much as the girls. The mass media should also project the picture of the women as an equal with the same desires, ambitions and intelligence. True liberation of women is possible only when our overall attitude is changed!